How do spontaneous pupillary oscillations in light relate to light intensity?

Warga, M.; Lüdtke, Holger; Wilhelm, Helmut; Wilhelm, Barbara

doi:10.1016/j.visres.2008.09.019

Cited by 48 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Participants were tested individually in a well-ventilated, darkened laboratory (see, [21]) on each of three consecutive days. Testing occurred between 14:00 and 17:00 hours, with the requirement that participants were tested at the same time of day for each of the three testing sessions.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The effect of chewing gum on physiological and self-rated measures of alertness and daytime sleepiness

Johnson

Miles

Haddrell

et al. 2012

Physiology & Behavior

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AcknowledgmentsThe authors would like to thank two anonymous reviewers for their comments on an earlier draft of the manuscript. AbstractThe proposition that chewing gum can improve alertness was investigated via both physiological and self-rated measures. The Pupillographic Sleepiness Test (PST) provided a measure of pupillary unrest (PUI); a physiological index of daytime sleepiness. Chewing gum reduced the extent of sleepiness as measured by both PUI and self-rated sleepiness. Specifically, in comparison with sham chewing and no chewing controls, the chewing gum condition significantly limited the increase in pupillary unrest following the 11-minute PST within a darkened laboratory: a finding indicating moderation of the daytime sleepiness increase for the chewing gum condition. In addition, there was some evidence that chewing gum (relative to the nochewing condition only) moderated the increase in a self-rated measure of sleepiness (Stanford Sleepiness Scale). However, there was no evidence that chewing gum moderated the decrease in self-rated alertness (Bond-Lader Visual Analogue Mood Scale). Although the precise mechanism underpinning the effect of chewing gum is unclear, the reduction in daytime sleepiness may be underpinned via heightened cerebral activity following the chewing of gum or the arousing effects of mint flavour.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Infrared goggles were used to block out any residual light whilst permitting perception of the fixation light. The goggles prevented light influences that might mirror sleepiness oscillations (for rationale for pupillography under darkened conditions see [21]). …”

Section: Physiological Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of chewing gum on physiological and self-rated measures of alertness and daytime sleepiness

Johnson

Miles

Haddrell

et al. 2012

Physiology & Behavior

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“…Especially nonlinear wavelet entropy of pupil diameter was considerably elevated before MSE. Spontaneous fluctuations of pupil diameter are most probably generated by an imbalance between the central sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system [2,6]. It was proposed that loss of constant sympathetic inhibition of the Edinger-Westphal nucleus determines pupillary fluctuations [6].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Forecasting transient sleep episodes by pupil size variability

Schumann

Ebel

Bär

2017

Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering

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Abstract:The ability to predict when a person is about to fall asleep is an important challenge in recent biomedical research and has various possible applications. Sleepiness and fatigue are known to increase pupillary fluctuations and the occurrence of eye blinks. In this study, we evaluated the use of the pupil diameter to forecast sleep episodes of short duration (>1s). We conducted multi-channel physiological and pupillometric recordings (diameter, gaze position) in 91 healthy volunteers at rest in supine position. Although they were instructed to keep their eyes open, short sleep episodes were detected in 20 participants (16 males, age: 26.2±5.6 years), 53 events in total. Before each sleep event, pupil size was extracted in a window of 30s (without additional sleep event). Mean pupil diameter and its standard deviation, Shannon entropy and wavelet entropy in the first half (15s) were compared to the second half of the window (15s). Linear and nonlinear measures demonstrated an elevation of pupil size variability before sleep onset. Most obviously, WE and SD increased significantly from 0.054±0.056 and 0.38±0.16 mm to 0.113±0.103 (T(102)=2.44, p<0.001) and 0.46±0.18 mm (T(104)=3.67, p<0.05) in the second half of each analysis window. We were able to identify 83% of the pre-sleep segments by linear discriminant analysis. Although our data was acquired in an experimental condition, it suggests that pupillary unrest might be a suitable predictor of events related to transient sleep or inattentiveness. In the future, we are going to involve the other recorded physiological signals into the analysis.

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“…Although it is highly correlated with drowsiness and fatigue, it requires special conditions to be valid. It requires a dark room to rule out any light induced fluctuations that are very similar to the PUI [33]. Consequently it needs an infrared based measuring system.…”

Section: Factors Influencing Pupil Reactivitymentioning

confidence: 99%