How Do People Resolve Conflict Between Implicit and Explicit Attitudes?

Maliszewski, Norbert

doi:10.2478/v10059-011-0006-x

Cited by 5 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…An additional finding of the present study was that IED was related to behavior at all three measurement points, which was also the case in former studies [29,30,[32][33][34]69]. In the current study, the relationship was negative.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In the present study, the non-acceptance of dissonance had a positive and thereby desirable effect on the intention to reduce RMC. Future studies should investigate in which contexts dissonance results in healthy behaviors, as it was the case in the present study, and in which contexts dissonance results in rather unhealthy behaviors, as demonstrated in former studies [32][33][34]. Shedding light on these questions would allow interventions to consciously induce dissonance in order to achieve certain behavior changes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…However, in the context where dissonance has been shown to be maladaptive, e.g. self-esteem [15,34], future research needs to investigate whether acceptance can be used as an alternative strategy to deal with dissonance. Attempts to alter attitudes would thereby become superfluous.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Similarly to dissonant self-relevant constructs, dissonant attitudes are experienced as unpleasant [29] and lead to difficulties in functioning, which individuals are highly motivated to diminish. More importantly, this dissonance has an impact on (health) behaviors [29,[32][33][34]. Participants with more dissonant implicit and explicit attitudes towards a person were more motivated to engage in additional information processing regarding that person [29], which was presumably an attempt to decrease dissonance.…”

Section: Intentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals are assumingly uncertain about whether to move towards the behavior or not. On the other hand, smokers with dissonant implicit and explicit attitudes towards smoking are more likely to resolve this conflict by smoking a cigarette [34] and more dissonant implicit and explicit attitudes result in more disinhibited chocolate consumption [33]. The authors explained that the dissonance intensified the focus on the object (chocolate), which in turn resulted in higher consumption.…”

Section: Intentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mindfulness is not associated with dissonant attitudes but enhances the ability to cope with them

et al. 2020

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Background: Explicit and implicit attitudes have been studied extensively, but there is less attention to reducing dissonance between them. This is relevant because this dissonance (IED) results in distress and has inconsistent effects on behavior, e.g. less physical activity but more smoking. Mindfulness decreases dissonance between selfrelated explicit and implicit constructs. This study investigates if, and which, specific mindfulness subskills are associated with decreased dissonance between explicit and implicit attitudes, and whether mindfulness subskills moderate the relationship between IED and intention/behavior. Method: At baseline and one and three months thereafter, participants' (N = 1476) explicit attitudes, implicit attitudes, red meat consumption (RMC), intention to reduce RMC as well as levels of trait mindfulness were assessed. Results: Mindfulness subskills were not associated with decreased IED. IED was associated with lower RMC and a higher intention to reduce RMC. The mindfulness subskill acceptance buffered the effect of IED on intention, seemingly offering a skill to deal with dissonant attitudes, which was unidentified until now. Conclusion: The mindfulness subskill accepting without judgment functions as a way to deal with dissonance. Future research should use this novel finding and investigate whether mindfulness can be used as a buffer in contexts where dissonance results in maladaptive behaviors.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Intentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Intentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Mindfulness is not associated with dissonant attitudes but enhances the ability to cope with them

et al. 2020

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Implicit attitudes and explicit cognitions jointly predict a reduced red meat intake: a three-wave longitudinal study

Muschalik

Crutzen

Candel

et al. 2020

Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine

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Background: Despite nutritional benefits, a high consumption of red meat is not without risks as it is linked to the development of certain types of cancer as well as to other non-communicable diseases, such as type II diabetes or cardiovascular diseases. Moreover, the production of meat has negative effects on the environment. Therefore, a transition to a less meat-based diet could be beneficial. It is unclear how explicit cognitions towards red meat consumption and implicit attitudes jointly influence intention and consumption. We tested the additive pattern (both types of cognitions explain unique variance) and interactive pattern (both types interact in the prediction). Method: At baseline (T0; N = 1790) and one (T1; n = 980) and three months thereafter (T2; n = 556), explicit cognitions, red meat consumption, and implicit attitudes were assessed among a Dutch sample. Results: Only explicit cognitions were associated with red meat consumption. Implicit attitudes moderated the effect of selfefficacy on T0-RMC; negative implicit attitudes strengthened this effect. T0-intention was associated with explicit cognitions and implicit attitudes. Additionally, negative implicit attitudes strengthened the effect of social norms on T0 and T2-intention. Regarding red meat consumption, support for the interactive pattern was found. For intention there was support for the interactive and additive pattern. Conclusion: Interventions aiming to reduce red meat consumption in the general public might profit from changing implicit attitudes in addition to explicit cognitions.

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Does the discrepancy between implicit and explicit attitudes moderate the relationships between explicit attitude and (intention to) being physically active?

et al. 2019

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Background Explicit attitudes as well as implicit attitudes have been shown to be associated with physical activity (PA). These two types of attitudes can, however, be discrepant towards the same object or behavior. This study investigated whether there is a discrepancy between explicit and implicit attitudes (IED) regarding physical activity (PA), and whether IED moderates the relationship between explicit attitude and PA, and explicit attitude and PA intention. Methods At baseline (T0) and one (T1) and three months (T2) thereafter, students’ ( N = 340) PA levels, intention, explicit attitudes, further PA determinants, e.g. self-efficacy, were assessed. Implicit attitudes towards PA were assessed by means of a tailored Single-Category Implicit Association task. Results IED was present but weak. Multiple hierarchical regressions revealed that IED did not moderate the relationship between explicit attitudes and PA or intention. Yet, IED was negatively associated with T0-PA and T1-PA. Conclusion The study revealed the important insight that IED is detrimental for PA. Interventions targeting attitudes to increase PA, should ensure that implicit and explicit attitudes regarding PA are concordant.

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How Do People Resolve Conflict Between Implicit and Explicit Attitudes?

Cited by 5 publications

References 23 publications

Mindfulness is not associated with dissonant attitudes but enhances the ability to cope with them

Mindfulness is not associated with dissonant attitudes but enhances the ability to cope with them

Implicit attitudes and explicit cognitions jointly predict a reduced red meat intake: a three-wave longitudinal study

Does the discrepancy between implicit and explicit attitudes moderate the relationships between explicit attitude and (intention to) being physically active?

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