How do people distribute their attention while observing<i>The Night Watch</i>?

Winter, Joost de; Dodou, Dimitra; Tabone, Wilbert

doi:10.1177/03010066221122697

Cited by 7 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 64 publications

(85 reference statements)

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“…Our final summary also adds to the ongoing discourse surrounding the effects of a painting in the context of the museum [13,65,66] and in a laboratory setting [67]. However, unlike the manual analysis performed by De Winter et al [52], which provided keywords grouped by theme, ChatGPT was able to generate a paragraph that highlighted differences between the major themes identified in the two settings by submitting transcripts without further context.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This study posed the research question: To what extent does ChatGPT produce valid sentiment scores and summaries when applied to different forms of text data in HCI research? Our analysis was based on questionnaire responses, interviews, and think-aloud data available from three previous studies [ 52 – 54 ]. Our objective was to determine if ChatGPT's outputs could uphold both face validity and criterion validity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Using ChatGPT for human–computer interaction research: a primer

Tabone,

de Winter

2023

R. Soc. open sci.

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ChatGPT could serve as a tool for text analysis within the field of Human–Computer Interaction, though its validity requires investigation. This study applied ChatGPT to: (1) textbox questionnaire responses on nine augmented-reality interfaces, (2) interview data from participants who experienced these interfaces in a virtual simulator, and (3) transcribed think-aloud data of participants who viewed a real painting and its replica. Using a hierarchical approach, ChatGPT produced scores or summaries of text batches, which were then aggregated. Results showed that (1) ChatGPT generated sentiment scores of the interfaces that correlated extremely strongly ( r > 0.99) with human rating scale outcomes and with a rule-based sentiment analysis method (criterion validity). Additionally, (2) by inputting automatically transcribed interviews to ChatGPT, it provided meaningful meta-summaries of the qualities of the interfaces (face validity). One meta-summary analysed in depth was found to have substantial but imperfect overlap with a content analysis conducted by an independent researcher (criterion validity). Finally, (3) ChatGPT's summary of the think-aloud data highlighted subtle differences between the real painting and the replica (face validity), a distinction corresponding with a keyword analysis (criterion validity). In conclusion, our research indicates that, with appropriate precautions, ChatGPT can be used as a valid tool for analysing text data.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using ChatGPT for human–computer interaction research: a primer

Tabone,

de Winter

2023

R. Soc. open sci.

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“…Therefore, the data were filtered and blinks were removed. Specifically, the x-and y-data were passed through a moving median filter (e.g., De Winter et al, 2022;Jarodzka et al, 2012;Onkhar et al, 2021). The median filter had a 0.30-second interval and omitted missing data, i.e., any window containing missing values is the median of all non-missing elements in that window.…”

Section: Data Preprocessingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating the Tobii Pro Glasses 2 and 3 in static and dynamic conditions

Onkhar,

Dodou,

de Winter

2023

Behav Res

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Over the past few decades, there have been significant developments in eye-tracking technology, particularly in the domain of mobile, head-mounted devices. Nevertheless, questions remain regarding the accuracy of these eye-trackers during static and dynamic tasks. In light of this, we evaluated the performance of two widely used devices: Tobii Pro Glasses 2 and Tobii Pro Glasses 3. A total of 36 participants engaged in tasks under three dynamicity conditions. In the “seated with a chinrest” trial, only the eyes could be moved; in the “seated without a chinrest” trial, both the head and the eyes were free to move; and during the walking trial, participants walked along a straight path. During the seated trials, participants’ gaze was directed towards dots on a wall by means of audio instructions, whereas in the walking trial, participants maintained their gaze on a bullseye while walking towards it. Eye-tracker accuracy was determined using computer vision techniques to identify the target within the scene camera image. The findings showed that Tobii 3 outperformed Tobii 2 in terms of accuracy during the walking trials. Moreover, the results suggest that employing a chinrest in the case of head-mounted eye-trackers is counterproductive, as it necessitates larger eye eccentricities for target fixation, thereby compromising accuracy compared to not using a chinrest, which allows for head movement. Lastly, it was found that participants who reported higher workload demonstrated poorer eye-tracking accuracy. The current findings may be useful in the design of experiments that involve head-mounted eye-trackers.

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“…Central fixation bias is known to be particularly marked when scenes show social interactions. Given that representational paintings often show people and early fixations are often made to people (e.g., [ 6 , 23 , 39 , 42 , 43 ]), it might be that cues that lead to viewing beginning at locations away from the centre may be quickly discounted. However, there is evidence that the influence of manipulating the starting location for viewing may have a long-lasting effect on eye movements.…”

Section: The Effect Of Prior Viewing Position and Spatial Scale On Th...mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Prior Viewing Position and Spatial Scale on the Viewing of Paintings

Trawiński,

Mestry,

Donnelly

2023

Vision

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The visual inspection of scenes is disrupted when participants are forced to begin inspection away from the centre of an image. The present study explored the effect of the starting point on the visual inspection of paintings. Eye movements were recorded while participants viewed paintings for later identification in a yes/no discrimination task. The viewing of each painting was preceded by the presentation of a pseudo-randomly positioned Navon figure. Participants were instructed using a cue to attend to either the local or global level of the Navon figure. Each painting was split into regions of interest (ROIs) defined by face, theme, and context to allow the analysis of eye movements. These data were directly compared with a subset of those initially reported in our previous study in which the same experiment was run but without the inclusion of the Navon figure. The inclusion of the Navon task lowered the discrimination accuracy in the yes/no discrimination task. More importantly, eye movements to the paintings were disrupted across the entire period over which they were viewed and not just in the period following the offset of the Navon figure. The results show the sensitivity of eye movements to the conditions present at the beginning of viewing. The results have implications for the viewing of paintings (and other images) in the real world, where the starting conditions for inspection cannot be controlled.

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How do people distribute their attention while observingThe Night Watch?

Cited by 7 publications

References 64 publications

Using ChatGPT for human–computer interaction research: a primer

Using ChatGPT for human–computer interaction research: a primer

Evaluating the Tobii Pro Glasses 2 and 3 in static and dynamic conditions

The Effect of Prior Viewing Position and Spatial Scale on the Viewing of Paintings

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