How Do MNCS Vote in Developing Country Elections?

Scrutiny, Norms, and Selective Disclosure: A Global Study of Greenwashing

“…14 We used the annual national averages of political rights and civil liberties scores-an approach used by others (e.g., Tsutsui and Wotipka 2004, Vaaler 2008, Longhofer and Schofer 2010-and reverse-coded the results so that higher values reflect more civil liberties and political rights.…”

Risk and capital structure in Asian project finance

“…Cantor and Packer (1996) and Vaaler, Schrage, and Block (2006) have shown that these sovereign risk assessments improve for countries with larger economic size (GDP), lower inflation, low (but not extremely low) external debt levels, and greater wealth. Similarly, Vaaler (2007) has shown that such macroeconomic terms also explain substantial variation in the annual count of new project finance companies in developing countries during the 1980s and 1990s. These regularities suggest:…”

“…Vaaler (2007) documents that annual counts of new project finance companies lead-sponsored by MNCs vary significantly as the level of country political risk varies, but counts of new projects led by domestic firms do not vary with changes in political risk. His finding implies that, at the margin, project finance companies lead-sponsored by domestic firms are less sensitive to changing risk of failure, thus:…”

“…Yet, the project company is bankruptcy-remote from parent firm assets, so creditors are limited to project assets for security on their loans should the project fail. Sponsoring parent firms are not guarantors of project company solvency, but mere project sponsors with risk limited to the extent of their respective equity investments (Buljevich & Park, 1999;Esty, 2002Esty, , 2003Esty, , 2004Finnerty, 1996;Lang, 1998;Vaaler, 2007). The project company is akin to a single business-unit firm with substantial transparency regarding the mix of creditor debt and sponsor equity making up the project capital structure.…”

A coevolução das capacidades tecnológicas entre empresas multinacionais (MNE) e Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PME) de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) em redes de tecnologia e inovação

“…Essas relações, que envolvem diferentes atores, se estabelecem por meio de fornecedores, governo, instituições de apoio e, em diferentes dimensões, estão associadas a ações de compra e venda, logística, conhecimento e inovação -esta, objeto de interesse deste trabalho. Observou-se que os estudos com essas perspectivas tendem a apresentar dois direcionamentos: o primeiro diz respeito às MNC e os resultados de suas subsidiárias a partir de seus diferentes níveis de envolvimento (CANTWELL; MUDAMBI, 2005;FROST, 2001;HEDLUND, 1986;ANDERSSON;FORSGREN;HOLM, 2002;WU, 2011), assim como o estudo desse envolvimento em países emergentes BRITO, 2011;KOKKO;KRAVTSOVA, 2008;MEYER;NARULA, 2011;VAALER, 2008). Já a segunda abordagem diz respeito ao envolvimento externo das PME e o impacto em sua capacidade inovativa, destacando-se os trabalhos de Gronum,Verreynne e Kastelle (2012), Lasagni (2012) e Liu e Chaminade (2010); e em uma abordagem mais evolucionária, o trabalho de Malerba e Orsenigo (1993).…”