How do electronic cigarettes affect cravings to smoke or vape? Parsing the influences of nicotine and expectancies using the balanced-placebo design.

Palmer, Amanda; Brandon, Thomas H.

doi:10.1037/ccp0000303

Cited by 20 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…). These findings are consistent with past studies showing that e‐cigarettes are capable of alleviating cigarette withdrawal symptoms following ad‐libitum use . Overall, our data show that e‐cigarettes produce less desirable effects than cigarettes but comparably manage overall withdrawal symptoms.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Twenty‐four‐hour subjective and pharmacological effects of ad‐libitum electronic and combustible cigarette use among dual users

et al. 2020

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Background and Aims Relative pharmacological effects of e-cigarettes and cigarettes during 24 hours of ad-libitum use have not been described. In this study, 24-hour blood plasma nicotine concentrations and 48-hour subjective effects with use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes were measured among dual users. Design Two-arm within-subject cross-over design with preferred e-cigarette or cigarette ad-libitum use over 48 hours. Setting Hospital research ward in San Francisco, California, USA. Participants Thirty-six healthy dual users of e-cigarettes and cigarettes (n = 8, 25% females). Measurements Twenty-four-hour blood plasma nicotine and cotinine concentrations and 48-hour self-reported nicotine withdrawal symptoms and rewarding effects. Findings Analyses used analysis of variance (ANOVA)-based mixed models with order of product (e-cigarette or cigarette) and product type (combustible cigarette or type of e-cigarette) as fixed effects, and subject as a repeated effect. During a 24-hour period, e-cigarettes produced lower nicotine exposure than cigarettes for the majority of users, although 25% received more nicotine from e-cigarettes, which was predicted by more frequent e-cigarette use or greater dependence. Compared to cigarette smoking, nicotine exposure for variable-power tank users was similar, while cig-a-like (t (30) = 2.71, P = 0.011, d = 0.745) and fixed-power tank users (t (30) = 3.37, P = 0.002, d = 0.993) were exposed to less nicotine. Cigarettes were rated higher than e-cigarettes on some desirable subjective effects (e.g. psychological reward, t (322) = 7.24 P < 0.001, d = 0.432), but withdrawal symptom reduction was comparable. No differences were found between e-cigarette types, but Bayes factors indicate that these measures were insensitive.Conclusions During a 24-hour period in a hospital setting in the United States, nicotine exposure for dual users of ecigarettes and cigarettes was similar when using cigarettes or variable-power tank devices only but was lower for those using cig-a-like or fixed-power devices only. Despite lower nicotine levels, all types of e-cigarette were effective in preventing withdrawal symptoms. E-cigarettes were rated less rewarding than cigarettes.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Twenty‐four‐hour subjective and pharmacological effects of ad‐libitum electronic and combustible cigarette use among dual users

et al. 2020

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“…Blind studies cannot inform our understanding of naturalistic experiences in which individuals expect that they are consuming or abstaining from an active drug and may fail to identify specific symptoms more likely to manifest under open‐label conditions, such as craving. Indeed, studies with nicotine have demonstrated that craving is strongly influenced by expectancy (Darredeau & Barrett, ; Gu et al, ; Juliano & Brandon, ; Palmer & Brandon, ; Perkins et al, ; Schlagintweit, Good, & Barrett, ). However, our understanding of expectancy influences on craving for drugs other than nicotine is limited.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the role of expectancy in caffeine withdrawal using the balanced placebo design

Juliano

Kardel

Harrell

et al. 2019

Human Psychopharmacology

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Objective: This study investigated psychological influences on drug withdrawal symptomatology using a caffeine-based model. Methods:Using the 2 × 2 balanced placebo design caffeine dose (given caffeinated vs decaffeinated coffee) was crossed with dose expectancy (told caffeine vs. decaf) among 87 (16-hr abstinent) regular coffee consumers in a 2-day study.Results: There were effects of expectancy and pharmacology that differed depending on the measure. Those told decaf reported greater caffeine cravings than those told caffeine 45 min and 8 hr postmanipulation. There were no expectancy effects on withdrawal symptoms or cognitive performance. There were pharmacological effects on all measures. Those given decaf reported greater withdrawal symptoms and showed poorer cognitive performance 45 min and 8 hr postmanipulation, with effects for headache and flu-like symptoms first emerging 8 hr postmanipulation (i.e., 24 hr abstinence in given decaf conditions). Caffeine readministration alleviated all withdrawal symptoms and cognitive decrements within 45 min. No drug by expectancy interactions were observed. Conclusions: These findings confirm a strong pharmacological basis for caffeine withdrawal and an important role of cognition in drug craving. Future research should investigate the role of expectancy in drug withdrawal and craving and the potential use of expectancy manipulations in symptom prevention and management. KEYWORDS balanced placebo design, caffeine, drug withdrawal, expectancy, nocebo effect

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“…In caffeine studies abstinence was confirmed by a saliva sample (47,59). In nicotine studies abstinence was confirmed by carbon monoxide sample (49,52,53,55,57,60,62).…”

Section: Description Of Studies Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Participants in nicotine studies were asked to rate the strength of their cigarettes, e-cigarettes, chewing gum, or spray, except in the study of Schlagintweit et al (57). Participants had to answer if the spray contained nicotine or were asked to estimate the nicotine dose received (49,62) or to answer questions about nicotine sensations (52), to complete a scale of nicotine effect on cognitive performance (53,56) or to fill a questionnaire to evaluate the deception (49,51,60). Table 2 shows the main outcomes of the papers analyzed.…”

Section: Nicotine Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Craving was increased when participants were exposed to smoking cues and this increase was higher in women than in men. Palmer and Brandon (62) informed that the expectancy of receiving a nicotine e-cigarette reduced significantly smoking and vaping craving. The estimation of a higher nicotine dose was associated with greater smoking craving reduction.…”

Section: Nicotinementioning

confidence: 99%

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The Influence of Placebo Effect on Craving and Cognitive Performance in Alcohol, Caffeine, or Nicotine Consumers: A Systematic Review

2020

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Objective: The present systematic review aims to analyze the evidence about the influence of placebo effect on craving and cognitive performance in alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine consumers. Methods: Relevant studies were identified via Pubmed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases (up to March 2020). Only those papers published between 2009 and 2019 were searched. Results: Of the 115 preliminary papers, 8 studies of database search and 9 of the manual search were finally included in this review. Findings showed that while alcohol expectancies increased craving, caffeine and nicotine expectancies tend to decrease it. Alcohol expectancies caused similar or slower reaction time when alcohol was not consumed, impairments on inhibitory control (especially after alcohol consumption) and similar post-error slowing. The effect of caffeine and nicotine on reaction time has not been elucidated yet, however, caffeine expectancies have been shown to improve accuracy and the attentional filtering of distracting stimuli. Conclusions: Alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine expectancies play an important role on craving. Although expectancies produce an effect on cognitive performance, caffeine and nicotine beliefs show an ambiguous impact on reaction time. Only the influence of alcohol expectancies on reaction time has been clarified. Furthermore, caffeine beliefs enhance accuracy.

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How do electronic cigarettes affect cravings to smoke or vape? Parsing the influences of nicotine and expectancies using the balanced-placebo design.

Abstract: Findings suggest that cognitive expectancies contribute to the acute effects of e-cigarettes on craving, which may provide guidance for their potential as smoking cessation aids. (PsycINFO Database Record

Cited by 20 publications

References 30 publications

Twenty‐four‐hour subjective and pharmacological effects of ad‐libitum electronic and combustible cigarette use among dual users

Twenty‐four‐hour subjective and pharmacological effects of ad‐libitum electronic and combustible cigarette use among dual users

Investigating the role of expectancy in caffeine withdrawal using the balanced placebo design

The Influence of Placebo Effect on Craving and Cognitive Performance in Alcohol, Caffeine, or Nicotine Consumers: A Systematic Review

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