How do avian embryos breathe? oxygen transport in the blood of early chick embryos

Cirotto, Carlo; Arangi, I.

doi:10.1016/0300-9629(89)90602-6

Cited by 27 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…5 Moreover, chick embryos show no hemoglobin-mediated transport of oxygen up to about 3 days of development. 6 Similar observations have been made in Xenopus laevis 7 and zebrafish. 8 In both mouse and rat the first contractions of the heart primordium occur at the 3 somites stage, before a complete heart tube has been formed.…”

Section: Cardiac Contraction Begins Before Convective Transport Is Nesupporting

confidence: 72%

The Impact of Mechanical Forces in Heart Morphogenesis

Granados-Riveron

Brook

2012

Circ Cardiovasc Genet

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Section: Cardiac Contraction Begins Before Convective Transport Is Nesupporting

confidence: 72%

The Impact of Mechanical Forces in Heart Morphogenesis

Granados-Riveron

Brook

2012

Circ Cardiovasc Genet

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“…In one of the first uses of CO in a developmental physiology study, Cirotto and Arangi (1989a) exposed chicken embryos to 1% CO, a level of this gas that effectively eliminated all Hb-O 2 transport by blood within 15 min. Not surprisingly, mortality was considerable, but what was surprising was that survival in embryos at days 2, 3, and 5 was 17%, 13%, and 8%, respectively (Fig.…”

Section: Disrupting Blood O 2 Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3). Indeed, on the basis of these experiments, Cirotto and Arangi (1989b) concluded that there was no hemoglobin-mediated O 2 transport for the first 24 h of convective blood flow in chicken embryos. In larval Xenopus, chronic exposure to 2% CO not only is not lethal but, surprisingly, has no net effect on growth and development from fertilization up to a larval body mass of 500 mg (Territo and Burggren 1998;Fig.…”

Section: Disrupting Blood O 2 Transportmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Is the Purpose of the Embryonic Heart Beat? or How Facts Can Ultimately Prevail over Physiological Dogma

Burggren

2004

Physiological and Biochemical Zoology

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Embryonic physiology is often viewed as merely those processes understood for the adult but conducted on a smaller physical scale. Yet striking examples of the inaccuracy of this perspective can be identified in the embryonic cardiovascular system. For example, dogma holds that the embryonic heart begins to beat to pump blood for convective transport, just like that of the adult. This is the major assumption inherent in the hypothesis we have called "convective synchronotropy"; that is, the embryonic heart starts to beat synchronously with the need for convective blood flow. However, there is compelling evidence on many fronts that the convective flow of blood generated by the early embryonic vertebrate heart is simply not required for transport of oxygen, nutrients, metabolic wastes, or hormones, all of which can be achieved entirely by diffusion. In fact, fish, amphibian, and bird embryos lacking a functional heart (either through surgical intervention or mutation) or whose oxygenhemoglobin transport has been chemically eliminated nonetheless continue to function and grow in size for extended periods up to the point at which diffusion alone can no longer serve oxygen transport needs. We advocate the alternative hypothesis of "prosynchronotropy" (i.e., the heart starts to beat well before convective blood flow is needed for bulk transport). So, what is the purpose of the early embryonic heart beat? Evidence is presented herein in support of a morphogenic rationale for prosynchronotropy. Specifically, it appears that the initial rationale for the beat of the vertebrate embryonic heart may be two-fold: to aid in subtle but significant aspects of cardiac growth, shaping, and maturation, and to facilitate cardiac maturation angiogenesis-the formation of new vessels by sprouting from vessel tips. Ultimately, the embryonic cardio-*

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“…On the third day of incubation, yolk sac begins to function as a more efficient respiratory organ and continues to the 6th day, when it is replaced by the chorioallantois plexus (16). The hypoxic crisis connected with the efficiency loss of the yolk sac could cause "ys2" and "b" waves.…”

Section: Waves As Response To the Demands Of The Developing Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The "ysl" production wave and the consequent release of "a" wave, may be the response to a hypoxic state, which increases steadily as development proceeds; it arises from the inefficient respiration mechanism of the earliest embryo, which is based on facilitated oxygen diffusion (16).…”

Section: Waves As Response To the Demands Of The Developing Organismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Wavy Erythropoiesis of Developing Chick Embryos. Isolation of Each Wave by a Differential Lysis and Identification of the Constituent Erythroid Types

Cirotto

Barberini²,

Arangi³

1994

Dev Growth Differ

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Erythroid carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity of chick embryos from the third day of incubation to the egg hatching has been determined. Five minor activity peaks with maxima at 3, 6, 9, 15 and 17 days of development and a major one with maximum at 19 days have been found. The correlation between the peak distribution and the timing of release into the blood stream of waves of newly produced erythroid cells has been demonstrated on the basis of the following observations: 1) a linear correlation exists between red cell maturation and increase of CA activity; 2) chick red cells undergo lysis in the “Ørskov” medium when their CA activity exceeds a threshold value (23±3 Units/109 red cells); and 3) the lysis kinetics of red cells in the Ørskov medium is proportional to their CA content. We have thus been able to distinguish the immature erythroid forms from the mature ones on the basis of their behaviour in the Ørskov medium. In the blood of developing chick embryos, we have found waves of newly produced red cells at about 2, 4, 7, 10, 16 and 18 days of development. The same experimental criteria allowed us to detect the waves of red cell production in the erythropoietic organs. One wave has been detected in the blood islands at about 2 days; four waves in the yolk sac at about 5, 6, 11 and 15 days; two waves in the spleen at about 18 and 20 days; two waves in the bone marrow at about 19 days of incubation and 1 day after hatching. Primitive erythroid cells are produced in the first two waves: that of blood islands at 2 days and that of yolk sac at 5 days. Definitive red cells are produced in the other waves with the exception of the second wave of spleen and of the second wave of bone marrow, which are constituted by red cells of adult type.

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How do avian embryos breathe? oxygen transport in the blood of early chick embryos

Cited by 27 publications

References 20 publications

The Impact of Mechanical Forces in Heart Morphogenesis

The Impact of Mechanical Forces in Heart Morphogenesis

What Is the Purpose of the Embryonic Heart Beat? or How Facts Can Ultimately Prevail over Physiological Dogma

The Wavy Erythropoiesis of Developing Chick Embryos. Isolation of Each Wave by a Differential Lysis and Identification of the Constituent Erythroid Types

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