How Discoloration of Porcine Cruor Hydrolysate Allowed the Identification of New Antifungal Peptides

Abstract

Porcine blood is an important by-product from slaughterhouses and an abundant source of proteins. Indeed, cruor, the solid part of blood, is mainly composed of hemoglobin. Its enzymatic hydrolysis with pepsin generates a diversity of peptides, particularly antimicrobials. One of the downsides of using these hydrolysates as food bio-preservatives is the color brought by the heme, which can be removed by discoloration. Nonetheless, the effects of this procedure on the antimicrobial peptide population have not been completely investigated. In this study, its impacts were evaluated on the final antibacterial and antifungal activities of a cruor hydrolysate. The results demonstrated that 38 identified and characterized peptides showed a partial or total decrease in the hydrolysate, after discoloration. Antifungal activities were observed for the raw and discolored hydrolysates: MICs vary between 0.1 and 30.0 mg/mL of proteins, and significant differences were detected between both hydrolysates for the strains S. boulardii, C. guilliermondii, K. marxianus, M. racemosus and P. chrysogenum. The raw hydrolysate showed up to 12 times higher antifungal activities. Hence, peptides with the highest relative abundance decrease after discoloration were synthesized and tested individually. In total, eight new antifungal peptides were characterized as active and promising. To our knowledge, this is the first time that effective antifungal peptide sequences have been reported from porcine cruor hydrolysates.

Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Water Lentil (Duckweed): An Emerging Source of Proteins for the Production of Antihypertensive Fractions

“…This allowed to obtain three fractions following hydrolysis: Duckweed final hydrolysate (DFH), duckweed pellet (DP) and duckweed supernatant (DS) (Figure 1). This separation was carried out with the aim to potentially valorize all fractions resulting from hydrolysis or to demonstrate if the hydrolysate of the entire product is sufficient to produce a bioactive fraction with no further separation step in a circular economy approach [36]. Currently, in the literature, only supernatants are analyzed and valorized, while the pellets are discarded.…”

Electrodialysis Processes an Answer to Industrial Sustainability: Toward the Concept of Eco-Circular Economy?—A Review

“…Indeed, EDUF was used on bovine hemoglobin hydrolysates and showed interesting results in fractionating the hydrolysate and improving its bioactivities [ 150 , 151 , 152 ]. Moreover, in recent studies on porcine and bovine hemoglobin molecules [ 105 , 153 ], as well as porcine cruor [ 154 ], antifungal activities were demonstrated. Specific antifungal peptides were discovered in the porcine cruor study.…”