How consistent are associations between maternal and paternal education and child growth and development outcomes across 39 low-income and middle-income countries?

Jeong, Joshua; Kim, Rockli; Subramanian, S. V.

doi:10.1136/jech-2017-210102

Cited by 41 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…We also observed that having someone in the household who can read and write was associated with increased linear growth. This is consistent with findings from a recent study of 39 countries which found that maternal and paternal education was associated with improved linear growth [65]. This is likely representative of the educational level of study participants and a proxy measure of their socio‐economic status.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Child mouthing of soil and presence of animals in child sleeping spaces are associated with growth faltering among young children in Dhaka, Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program)

Monira

Bhuyian

Parvin

et al. 2020

Tropical Med Int Health

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Objective The objective of the study was to investigate potential risk factors for growth faltering among children under 5 years of age. Method We conducted a prospective cohort study of 553 children under 5 years from diarrhoea patient households in urban Dhaka, Bangladesh. Height and weight measurements were obtained at baseline and at a 12‐month follow‐up. Caregivers of young children were administered a monthly questionnaire on household sociodemographic characteristics and hygiene practices. Results Children with caregiver reports of mouthing soil at the majority of household visits had a significant reduction in their height‐for‐age z‐scores (HAZ) from baseline to the 12‐month follow‐up (ΔHAZ: −0.28 (95% confidence interval (CI): −0.51, −0.05)). A significant reduction in HAZ was also observed for children in households with animals in their sleeping space (ΔHAZ: −0.37 (95% CI: −0.71, −0.04)). Conclusion These findings provide further evidence to support the hypothesis that child mouthing of soil and the presence of animals in the child’s sleeping space are potential risk factors for growth faltering among young children. Interventions are urgently needed to provide clean play and sleeping spaces for young children to reduce exposure to faecal pathogens through child mouthing.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Child mouthing of soil and presence of animals in child sleeping spaces are associated with growth faltering among young children in Dhaka, Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program)

Monira

Bhuyian

Parvin

et al. 2020

Tropical Med Int Health

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“…This underlines the significance of parental education particularly in the girls of the poorest socio-economic background. The findings are in line with Jeong et al [44] who had summarized evidence that maternal and paternal education were independently associated with 0.37 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.41) and 0.20 (95% CI 0.16 to 0.24) higher height-for-age z-scores, and 0.31 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.34) and 0.16 (95% CI 0.14 to 0.18) higher Early Childhood Development Index z-scores, respectively (comparing secondary or higher to no education). The associations were stronger for maternal education than paternal education but comparable between child outcomes, whereas the factor household prosperity even though associated with parental education as shown by Vaivada et al [45], appeared to have no direct impact on height in the children of either school type.…”

Section: Implications To Parents Policymakers Administrators or Clinicianssupporting

confidence: 93%

Stunting as a Synonym of Social Disadvantage and Poor Parental Education

Hermanussen

Soegianto

Homalessy

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Socially, economically, politically and emotionally (SEPE) disadvantaged children are shorter than children from affluent background. In view of previous work on the lack of association between nutrition and child growth, we performed a study in urban schoolchildren. We measured 723 children (5.83 to 13.83 years); Kupang, Indonesia; three schools with different social background. We investigated anthropometric data, clinical signs of malnutrition, physical fitness, parental education, and household equipment. Subjective self-confidence was assessed by the MacArthur test. The prevalence of stunting was between 8.5% and 46.8%. Clinical signs of under- or malnutrition were absent even in the most underprivileged children. There was no delay in tooth eruption. Underprivileged children are physically fitter than the wealthy. The correlation between height and state of nutrition (BMI_SDS, skinfold_SDS, MUAC_SDS) ranged between r = 0.69 (p < 0.01) and r = 0.43 (p < 0.01) in private school children, and between r = 0.07 (ns) and r = 0.32 (p < 0.01) in the underprivileged children. Maternal education interacted with height in affluent (r = 0.20, p < 0.01) and in underprivileged children (r = 0.20, p < 0.01). The shortness of SEPE disadvantaged children was not associated with anthropometric and clinical signs of malnutrition, nor with delay in physical development. Stunting is a complex phenomenon and may be considered a synonym of social disadvantage and poor parental education.

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“…In addition to clear benefits of these items to promote children's development, toys and books are also critical to sustain mothers' interest in ECD activities by creating opportunities for home-based play. A recent meta-analysis including 13 RCTs showed medium-to-large benefits of stimulation interventions for improving the home caregiving environment, which includes having materials such as books and toys for children to play with (19). A key component of our behavioral theory of change (the Integrated Behavioral Model) goes beyond motivation and knowledge and focuses on the idea that environmental constraints, such as a home without appropriate play materials, should not hinder the application of the new knowledge (20).…”

Section: Age-appropriate Play Materials  Primary Question 3: How Does the Availability Of Age-appropriate Materials/activities For Homebmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integrating Early Stimulation and Play at Scale: Study Protocol for “MAHAY Mikolo”, a Multi-arm Cluster-randomized Controlled Trial

Galasso

Ratsifandrihamanana²,

Weber

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Background: Hundreds of millions of children living in poverty worldwide are not reaching their full, developmental potential. Programs to promote nurturing and responsive caregiving, such as those in which community health workers (CHWs) conduct home visits to support optimal early child development (ECD), have been effective in small trials, but have not achieved similar success at scale. This study will explore two approaches to scale-up: converting a home-visiting model to a group-based model; and integrating the ECD curriculum into an existing government program. The objectives of the study are to: 1) Measure how the integration of ECD activities affects time and task allocation of CHWs and CHW psychosocial wellbeing; 2) Examine how the integration of ECD activities affects caregiver-child dyad participation in standard health and nutrition activities; and 3) Explore how the availability of age-appropriate play materials at home affects caregiver-child dyad participation rates in a group-based ECD program.Methods: We will randomize 75 communities in rural Madagascar into three arms: 1) [C], which is the status quo (community-based health and nutrition program); 2) [T], which is C + ECD group sessions [T]; and 3) [T+], which is T with the addition of an enhanced play materials package for home use. All children between 6-30 months old at the time of the intervention launch will be eligible to participate in group activities. The intervention will last 12 months and is comprised of fortnightly group sessions in which the CHWs provide caregiver-child dyads with information relating to ECD; CHWs will also include structured time for caregivers to practice the play and child stimulation activities they have learned about. We will administer monthly surveys to measure CHW time use and task allocation, and we will leverage administrative data to measure caregiver-child dyad participation in the group sessions.Discussion: The results from the trial will provide the evidence base required to implement an integrated package of nutrition, health and ECD promotion activities at scale in Madagascar, and findings may also be relevant in other low-income countries.Trial registration: This trial has been registered on the AEA RCT Registry (AEARCTR-0004704, https://www.socialscienceregistry.org/trials/4704, registered on November 15, 2019).

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How consistent are associations between maternal and paternal education and child growth and development outcomes across 39 low-income and middle-income countries?

Cited by 41 publications

References 20 publications

Child mouthing of soil and presence of animals in child sleeping spaces are associated with growth faltering among young children in Dhaka, Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program)

Child mouthing of soil and presence of animals in child sleeping spaces are associated with growth faltering among young children in Dhaka, Bangladesh (CHoBI7 Program)

Stunting as a Synonym of Social Disadvantage and Poor Parental Education

Integrating Early Stimulation and Play at Scale: Study Protocol for “MAHAY Mikolo”, a Multi-arm Cluster-randomized Controlled Trial

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