How cognitive load affects duration judgments: A meta-analytic review

Block, Richard A.; Hancock, Peter A.; Zakay, Dan

doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.03.006

Cited by 409 publications

(454 citation statements)

References 128 publications

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“…This explanation is convincing and a good account of their finding of enhanced temporal binding under effort. Nevertheless, their finding is contrary to what one might predict given that it is known that physical effort depletes cognitive resources, which is associated with time expansion, not compression, and that the depletion of cognitive resources reduces motor control and awareness -elements fundamental for agency ascription (Block et al, 2010;Block et al, 2016;Huxhold et al, 2006;Kannape et al, 2014). Hence, it EFFORT DISRUPTS IMPLICIT AGENCY 9 might be expected that the opposite effect would be observed; that exertion would result in disrupted -not enhanced -intentional binding.…”

Section: Sense Of Agency and Effortmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…As noted above, subjective time lengthens under load (Block, et al, 2010;, which would result in less temporal binding (i.e. smaller underestimation errors) in agency conditions due to the resources required to bind the action and its effect together already being committed to the cognitively effortful primary task.…”

Section: Sense Of Agency and Effortmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The elongation of subjective time as a result of effort are also found for mental activity. Depleted attentional resources and increased cognitive load result in longer retrospective subjective time judgements (for a review see Block, Hancock, & Zakay, 2010).…”

Section: Effort Disrupts Implicit Agencymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

2016

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We investigated the effect of effort on implicit agency ascription for actions performed under varying levels of physical effort or cognitive load. People are able to estimate the interval between two events accurately, but they underestimate the interval between their own actions and their outcomes. This effect is known as 'intentional binding', and may provide feedback regarding the consequences of our actions. Concurrently with the interval reproduction task, our participants pulled sports resistance bands at high and low resistance levels (Experiments 1 and 2), or performed a working memory task with high and low set-sizes (Experiment 3).Intentional binding was greater under low than high effort. When the effort was task-related (Experiment 1), this effect depended on the individual's explicit appraisal of exertion, while the effect of effort was evident at the group level when the effort was task-unrelated (physical, Experiment 2; mental, Experiment 3). These findings imply that the process of intentional binding is compromised when cognitive resources are depleted, either through physical or mental strain. We discuss this notion in relation to the integration of direct sensorimotor feedback with signals of agency and other instances of cognitive resource depletion and action control during strain.Keywords: Sense of agency, temporal binding, intentional binding, experience of effort, time perception. EFFORT DISRUPTS IMPLICIT AGENCY 3 Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agencyIt is important that the human motor system can efficiently process events which are the result of its own actions, and to discriminate these from events in the world for which it is not responsible. For instance, if I kick a ball and it knocks over and smashes a vase of flowers, I know my action of kicking the ball was responsible for the vase smashing. Selfauthored events like this tend to be easy to identify and this feeling that 'I did it' is known as a sense of agency. Some actions are more effortful than others; kicking a ball as hard as one can might break a vase, but so might brushing one's arm against it as one walks past it precariously positioned near the edge of a table. Both these actions have the same outcome, but might require the action monitoring system to respond differently in order to correctly ascribe agency. Here, we tested the role of physical and mental effort on the ascription of sense of agency, using an implicit measure.

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Section: Sense Of Agency and Effortmentioning

confidence: 75%

Section: Sense Of Agency and Effortmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

2016

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“…IOR has been shown to have a spatial gradient, being strongest at the attended location and decreasing in magnitude with visual distance (Bennett & Pratt, 2001). Earlier studies on duration perception have shown that attended stimuli are perceived as having a longer duration compared to unattended stimuli or stimuli that receive less attention (Block, Hancock, & Zakay, 2010;Tse, Intriligator, Rivest, & Cavanagh, 2004;Ulrich, Nitschke, & Rammsayer, 2006). In our study, participants were presented with four top-up stimuli at the adapted location followed by the cross-modal duration judgment task, with the visual test stimulus being presented between 1000 and 2000 ms after the last top-up.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation of the spatial selectivity of the duration after-effect

et al. 2017

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a b s t r a c tAdaptation to the duration of a visual stimulus causes the perceived duration of a subsequently presented stimulus with a slightly different duration to be skewed away from the adapted duration. This pattern of repulsion following adaptation is similar to that observed for other visual properties, such as orientation, and is considered evidence for the involvement of duration-selective mechanisms in duration encoding. Here, we investigated whether the encoding of duration -by duration-selective mechanisms -occurs early on in the visual processing hierarchy. To this end, we investigated the spatial specificity of the duration after-effect in two experiments. We measured the duration after-effect at adapter-test distances ranging between 0 and 15°of visual angle and for within-and between-hemifield presentations. We replicated the duration after-effect: the test stimulus was perceived to have a longer duration following adaptation to a shorter duration, and a shorter duration following adaptation to a longer duration. Importantly, this duration after-effect occurred at all measured distances, with no evidence for a decrease in the magnitude of the after-effect at larger distances or across hemifields. This shows that adaptation to duration does not result from adaptation occurring early on in the visual processing hierarchy. Instead, it seems likely that duration information is a high-level stimulus property that is encoded later on in the visual processing hierarchy.

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“…Block, Hancock, and Zakay (2010) identify a number of different ways in which cognitive load might be manipulated; one way that is pertinent to the present study is to instruct participants to try and remember information for a later test while they are carrying out some other test-related activity. Therefore, situations of high cognitive load arise when participants are instructed about the need to remember information and cognitive load is low when no such instructions are present.…”

Section: Task Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Retrospective protocols in usability testing: a comparison of Post-session RTA versus Post-task RTA reports

Willis

McDonald

2016

Behaviour & Information Technology

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We present the results of a study that compared two placements of the Retrospective Think-aloud (RTA): A Post-session RTA where the think-aloud occurs after all tasks are complete, and a Post-task RTA where the think-aloud is elicited after each task. Data from task performance and verbal measures were collected from 24 participants. The results suggest that in terms of task performance, participants in the Post-session RTA condition performed tasks faster, with fewer errors and fewer clicks than in the Post-task RTA condition. In terms of utterances, participants in the Post-task RTA condition produced significantly more utterances that explained actions, expectations and procedural descriptions than in the Post-session RTA condition.

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How cognitive load affects duration judgments: A meta-analytic review

Cited by 409 publications

References 128 publications

Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

Physical and mental effort disrupts the implicit sense of agency

An investigation of the spatial selectivity of the duration after-effect

Retrospective protocols in usability testing: a comparison of Post-session RTA versus Post-task RTA reports

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