How children interpret robots’ contextual behaviors in live theatre: Gaining insights for multi-robot theatre design

How Can Autonomous Vehicles Convey Emotions to Pedestrians? A Review of Emotionally Expressive Non-Humanoid Robots

“…For example, rescue robots are usually small and tank-like [28], and domestic vacuum robots, such as Roomba, are likely to be puck-shaped and able to fit under couches [21]. In addition to the utilitarian aspect, implementing emotions using the anthropomorphic features in humanoid robots not only can be expensive and technically complex [14,27,29], but also needs to fulfill users' expectations on their level of anthropomorphism [17,30] and at the same time minimize the feeling of creepiness known as the "uncanny valley" effect [19,30]. Consequently, an increasing body of literature has focused on designing emotional expressions for non-humanoid robots to show affection.…”

“…The rich literature in affective robotics indicates that emotion encoding in AV-pedestrian interaction is possible. Indeed, humans have the innate tendency to attribute liveliness, emotions, intelligence, and other social characteristics to moving objects [13,[21][22][23]29,49]. A close example to AVs are drones, also referred to as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).…”

“…The non-humanoid robots used in these articles varied in morphologies and functionalities (Figure 1). Eleven (44%) articles adopted readily available robots developed in previous work [13][14][15]22,52] or commercially available [9,18,20,28,50,53], while another thirteen (52%) articles designed and prototyped robots for the specific purpose of investigating emotional expressions [17,19,21,23,27,29,45,49,[54][55][56][57][58]. The remaining one article implemented the design from another robot using Lego robot parts [26].…”

“…The remaining ten (40%) articles had a main purpose other than evaluating modalities. Six of them examined the influence of emotional expressions on user cognition [52,53] or behavior [18,29,45,56]. Two articles evaluated the efficacy of their proposed approach for the robot expressing emotions dynamically [13,15].…”

“…Four articles reported the design of facial expressions for conveying emotions [19,29,52,56]. Herdel et al [19] used the facial action coding system (FACS) to establish associations between basic emotions and animated facial expressions on drones.…”