How changes in urban morphology translate into urban metabolisms of building stocks: A framework for spatiotemporal material flow analysis and a case study

Abstract

Anthropogenic stocks are increasingly seen as potential reserves for secondary resources, which has led to a rapid development in research of urban metabolic systems. With regard to buildings and their associated material stocks and flows, one of the most critical shortcomings in the state-of-the-art is the knowledge gap for drivers, dynamics, patterns and linkages that affect the urban metabolism. This paper is premised on the idea that urban planning stirs up these material flows, so it should also adopt their sustainable management on its agenda. It presents an approach that highlights the intertwined nature of changing urban morphology and building material stocks and flows in space and time. An analytical framework, based on the principles of material flow analysis, is provided for an integrated, spatiotemporal study of urban morphology and urban metabolism of buildings, using building and plot data as the input and identifying internal processes of the urban metabolism as the output. The identified processes include greenfield development, infill construction, building replacement and shrinkage, each of which can be expected to have tangible yet very different material and environmental consequences in the form of embodied materials and CO2. The use of the framework is demonstrated with a case study in the Finnish city of Vantaa in 2000–2018. The case study shows patterns pertaining to a growing city unrestricted by geographic or historic factors, manifested as vast greenfield developments and replacement of a notably young building stock. As sustainability may soon call into question both these strategies, uncovering the material consequences of a city’s past urban (re)development strategies lay the foundation for using the presented approach proactively in planning support, in pursuit of more circular economy-based and low carbon cities.

Material inventory dataset for residential buildings in Finland

“…Huuhka & Kolkwitz [8] ; Kolkwitz et al. [9] ), or (2) base their quantification of materials on datasets derived from other countries (e.g. Nasiri et al.…”

Classification and clustering of buildings for understanding urban dynamics

“…They will concentrate on the morphometrics of building types and on the spatial and temporal analysis of their distribution within a large metropolitan area. Related works are here Hartmann et al (2019) on the evolution of German building stock or Kollwitz et al (2022) on the evolution of building types in Vantaa (Finland) from an urban metabolism point of view. As defined by Case- Scheer (2015, p. 171) "a building type is an abstraction, a pattern, where we observe formal similarities between one building and another even though the buildings may have different architectural expressions".…”

“…Islam et al, 2015;Marsh, 2016). For both these reasons, quantitative studies in urban morphology that make use of GIS building inventories are mostly focusing on identifying patterns at a given point in time (Hecht et al, 2015;Perez et al, 2019a;Araldi et al, 2023), the exception being researches making use of buildings or lots to identify growth or decline patterns (Lee and Newman, 2017;Sakamoto et al, 2017;Usui and Perez, 2019;Perez et al, 2020;Kollwitz et al, 2022). Algorithmic techniques, coupled with spatiotemporal data and thematic knowledge related to urban form, have the capability to support urban planning.…”