How Can Environmental Pollution by Ships be Minimized at the New Terminal of Cargo Offloading Facility of the Caspian Sea?

Abstract

Nowadays pollution from ships in ports/terminals of the Caspian Sea has a significant impact on surrounding nature and health. And the Kazakh oil company "Tengizchevroil" is about to realize a new big business project in terms of water area, which might lead to increased pollution. So, this research specifically concentrates on the reduction of environmental pollution problems at the new Terminal of Cargo Offloading Facility and Cargo Transportation Route of the North Caspian Sea. In order to reach this motive, the authors analyze IMO's International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution and its initial strategy on reduction of GHG emissions from ships. In addition, efficiency of shore power supply, which is often used by developed countries for better environmental conditions for the port area, is also examined. Overall, the authors outline six proposals as to the best course of action, which needs to be implemented at the new Tengizchevroil terminal. The items such as calculation of damage and calculation of prices of pollution prevention measures will not be included in the research.

Considerations on Prevention of Pollution from Ships in a Seaport

“…The research whose results are shown in the analyzed literature covers a very wide geographical area: developing countries [61,70], Indonesia [65], India [71], Nigeria [74,84], China [76], Malaysia [77], the world ocean [78,86], the Arctic region [80], Cambodia [89], Vietnam, the USA, Australia [94], the Southern North sea [99], Hong Kong [101], the Mediterranean sea [104,108], Kenya [105], and the Caspian sea [107]. Obviously, the references analyzed in Table 4, as per the related geographical areas, cover almost all continents and the world ocean and indicate what the priorities are in the domain of the prevention of pollution from ships in those areas.…”

“…The preliminary feasibility of a particular waste recycling technology [85] Pollution from ships-oil -Issues related to the identification and prevention of ship pollution, with special focus on oil pollution [86] -Issues related to pollution caused by oil spills into the sea, analyzing some major marine pollution incidents [87,88] -Various aspects of both land-and sea-based oil pollution [89] -Results of research based on a fact that over a million tons per year of oil is spilled from ships into the sea [90] -Adequacy level of the MARPOL convention implementation related to the pollution of the sea by oil from ships [91,92] Pollution from ships-solid and liquid waste -The marine pollution caused by marine domestic waste [93] -Issues related to the implementation of international regulations (mainly MARPOL convention) for the control of pollution of the sea with solid and liquid waste from ships [94][95][96][97] Pollution from ships-emissions -A fact that pollution from ships is not limited to the sea; it causes significant air and other forms of pollution [98] -The international regulations on ship emissions and their influence on level of SO 2 emissions from Ocean Going Vessels (OGVs) [99] -Summarizing studies that address air pollution, with special focus on particulate matter from marine vessels [100] -Pollution of air by large ships in the hub ports (taking into account that low-grade marine fuel oil contains 3500 times more sulfur than road diesel) [101] -Public health and climate impacts of low-sulfur fuels in global shipping [102] -The status of pollution mitigation measures implemented to date in the shipping sector [103] -The contributions of ship emissions of NO 2 , SO 2 , PM 10 , and PM 2.5 to air quality in the ports [104] -Annex VI (of the MARPOL convention) issues (influence of shipping industry on climate change) [105,106] -Initial strategy for the reduction in GHG emissions from ships in a port [107] -Air quality management in main Mediterranean ports [108] (Source: author).…”

“…Obviously, the references analyzed in Table 4, as per the related geographical areas, cover almost all continents and the world ocean and indicate what the priorities are in the domain of the prevention of pollution from ships in those areas. A further classification of the analyzed references was performed, recognizing the following groups: group 1-related to the prevention of pollution from ships in a concrete port [101]; group 2-related to the prevention of pollution from ships in a concrete country [65,71,74,76,77,84,89]; group 3-related to the prevention of pollution from ships in a group of countries/regions [61,70,80,94]; and group 4-related to the prevention of pollution from ships in the world ocean or its segments [78,86,99,104,107,108].…”

Sustainable recycling management: configuration of risk factors and resilience strategies

“…Several SRM-related risk factors have been identified in existing studies (e.g. Zhang et al, 2017;Khalikov et al, 2020;Giannakis and Papadopoulos, 2016). In spite of this, industry decision-makers are not well prepared for the task of assessing risk factors associated with SRM.…”

Common Legislation Regarding Discharge of Sewage and Ballast Water by Ships in the Caspian Basin

“…It shouldn't be forgotten that sea pollution by sewage occurs not only in the Caspian region, but throughout the world. And if IMO's BWM Convention was issued to solve problems caused by ballast water, then Annex IV of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) was a solution to prohibit the discharge of raw sewage (Julian, 2000;Khalikov et al, 2020).…”