How body torque and Strouhal number change with swimming speed and developmental stage in larval zebrafish

Leeuwen, J.L. van; Voesenek, Cees J.; Müller, Ulrike K.

doi:10.1098/rsif.2015.0479

Cited by 41 publications

(83 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…A surprising finding was that pressure and net thrust distribution have a dip around 0.7 L. Posterior to the CoM, net thrust is generated along 0.35 -0.6 L and at the tail (0.8 -0.95 L); between these two net thrust zones, low net thrust or even net drag occurs between 0.6 and 0.8 L (figure 6c). This dip is most likely due to recoil caused by fluctuating torques on the body [13]: although the body wave amplitude envelope increases at a steady rate in the fish frame of reference (figure 1b), in the earth frame of reference recoil causes the rate at which the envelope widens to be much lower around 0.6-0.8 L [12], reducing local body speed, peak instantaneous thrust and hence cycle-average thrust between 0.6 and 0.8 L.…”

Section: Flow Regime Affects Thrust Contribution By Edge Vorticesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fish larvae exploit edge vortices along their dorsal and ventral fin folds to propel themselves

Müller

Leeuwen

et al. 2016

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Larvae of bony fish swim in the intermediate Reynolds number (Re) regime, using body-and caudal-fin undulation to propel themselves. They share a median fin fold that transforms into separate median fins as they grow into juveniles. The fin fold was suggested to be an adaption for locomotion in the intermediate Reynolds regime, but its fluid-dynamic role is still enigmatic. Using three-dimensional fluid-dynamic computations, we quantified the swimming trajectory from body-shape changes during cyclic swimming of larval fish. We predicted unsteady vortices around the upper and lower edges of the fin fold, and identified similar vortices around real larvae with particle image velocimetry. We show that thrust contributions on the body peak adjacent to the upper and lower edges of the fin fold where large left-right pressure differences occur in concert with the periodical generation and shedding of edge vortices. The fin fold enhances effective flow separation and drag-based thrust. Along the body, net thrust is generated in multiple zones posterior to the centre of mass. Counterfactual simulations exploring the effect of having a fin fold across a range of Reynolds numbers show that the fin fold helps larvae achieve high swimming speeds, yet requires high power. We conclude that propulsion in larval fish partly relies on unsteady high-intensity vortices along the upper and lower edges of the fin fold, providing a functional explanation for the omnipresence of the fin fold in bony-fish larvae.

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Section: Flow Regime Affects Thrust Contribution By Edge Vorticesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Larvae from oviparous bony fish swim in the intermediate flow regime, where both inertial and viscous forces are important [7,12,13]. Larvae of virtually all bony-fish species possess a median fin fold that extends along the dorsal, caudal and ventral sides of the body.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fish larvae exploit edge vortices along their dorsal and ventral fin folds to propel themselves

Müller

Leeuwen

et al. 2016

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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“…The gain of this correction should therefore correlate with propulsive efficacy, both of which increase with age. [20; 21; 22]. Further, the asymmetry of angular velocity correction is consistent with morphological changes, as the ease of nose-up rotation correlates with the convexity of the ventrum [2]; decreasing convexity with the loss of yolk sac from 4 to 7 dpf may underlie the concomitant worsening of nose-down angular velocity cancellation, while the late improvement may arise from increasing ventral convexity by 21 dpf [18].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Control of Movement Initiation Underlies the Development of Balance

2017

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Summary Balance arises from the interplay of external forces acting on the body and internally generated movements. Many animal bodies are inherently unstable, necessitating corrective locomotion to maintain stability. Understanding how developing animals come to balance remains a challenge. Here we study the interplay between environment, sensation, and action as balance develops in larval zebrafish. We first model the physical forces that challenge underwater balance and experimentally confirm that larvae are subject to constant destabilization. Larvae propel in swim bouts that, we find, tend to stabilize the body. We confirm the relationship between locomotion and balance by changing larval body composition, exacerbating instability and eliciting more frequent swimming. Intriguingly, developing zebrafish come to control the initiation of locomotion, swimming preferentially when unstable, thus restoring preferred postures. To test the sufficiency of locomotor-driven stabilization and the developing control of movement timing, we incorporate both into a generative model of swimming. Simulated larvae recapitulate observed postures and movement timing across early development, but only when locomotor-driven stabilization and control of movement initiation are both utilized. We conclude the ability to move when unstable is the key developmental improvement to balance in larval zebrafish. Our work informs how emerging sensorimotor ability comes to impact how and why animals move when they do.

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“…They 367 also found that a higher curvature could result in a higher escape distance, given a start 368 duration; this corresponds to the weak correlation that we find for speed with head-to-tail 369 angle. For (near-)cyclic swimming of larval fish, the swimming speed was found to increase 370 with increasing tail-beat frequency and to a lesser extent amplitude (Van Leeuwen et al, 2015). 371…”

Section: Producing Acceleration 347mentioning

confidence: 97%

Reorientation and propulsion in fast-starting zebrafish larvae: an inverse dynamics analysis

Voesenek

Pieters

Muijres

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Running title: Inverse dynamics of larval fast starts 5 Summary statement 6 Fish larvae can independently adjust the direction and speed of their fast start escape response, 7 a manoeuvre crucial for survival. 8Abstract 9Most fish species use fast starts to escape from predators. Zebrafish larvae perform effective 10 fast starts immediately after hatching. They use a C-start, where the body curls into a C-shape, 11 and then unfolds to accelerate. These escape responses need to fulfil a number of functional 12 demands, under the constraints of the fluid environment and the larva's body shape. 13Primarily, the larvae need to generate sufficient escape speed in a wide range of possible 14 directions, in a short-enough time. In this study, we examined how the larvae meet these 15 demands. We filmed fast starts of zebrafish larvae with a unique five-camera setup with high 16 spatiotemporal resolution. From these videos, we reconstructed the three-dimensional 17 swimming motion with an automated method and from these data calculated resultant 18 hydrodynamic forces and, for the first time, 3D torques. We show that zebrafish larvae reorient 19 mostly in the first stage of the start by producing a strong yaw torque, often without using the 20 pectoral fins. This reorientation is expressed as the body angle, a measure that represents the 21 rotation of the complete body, rather than the commonly used head angle. The fish accelerates 22 curvature in stage 1, while the escape speed correlates strongly with the duration of the start. 25This may allow the fish to independently control the direction and speed of the escape. 26 45 escape directions, both horizontally and vertically. Finally, the threat should be detected early, 46 and the response needs to be well-timed for the escape to be effective (Stewart et al., 2013). 47

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How body torque and Strouhal number change with swimming speed and developmental stage in larval zebrafish

Cited by 41 publications

References 45 publications

Fish larvae exploit edge vortices along their dorsal and ventral fin folds to propel themselves

Fish larvae exploit edge vortices along their dorsal and ventral fin folds to propel themselves

Control of Movement Initiation Underlies the Development of Balance

Reorientation and propulsion in fast-starting zebrafish larvae: an inverse dynamics analysis

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