How bad is it to report a slur? An empirical investigation

Cepollaro, Bianca; Sulpizio, Simone; Bianchi, C.L.

doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2019.03.012

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Taboo words were perceived as more offensive than non-taboo words, confirming the inappropriateness of the taboo stimuli used and in line with previous behavioral findings (Cepollaro, Sulpizio, & Bianchi, 2019;Janschewitz, 2008). Across participants, the contrast of non-taboo words versus taboo words in the univariate analysis showed activation in a set of cortical and subcortical structures: the occipital gyrus bilaterally, including the fusiform gyrus and lingual gyrus (as revealed by MVPA), the left precentral gyrus, the left SMA and the left putamen.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Are you really cursing? Neural processing of taboo words in native and foreign language

et al. 2019

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The use of socially opprobrious words (taboo words) is a cross-cultural phenomenon occurring between individuals from almost all social extractions. The neurocognitive correlates of using taboo words in the native language (L1) as compared to their use in a second (L2) language are largely unknown. We used fMRI to investigate the processing of taboo and non-taboo stimuli in monolinguals (Experiment 1) and highly proficient bilinguals (Experiment 2) engaged in lexical decision tasks. We report that for L1 socio-pragmatic knowledge is automatically conveyed and taboo words are processed with less effort than non-taboo words. For L2 the processing of taboo words is more effortful and engages additional structures (anterior cingulate cortex, insula) involved in social-norm representation and evaluation. Our results contribute to understand the interface between language and social-norm processing indicating that lexical processing is affected by socio-pragmatic knowledge, but only when the speaker has a contextual use of the language.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Are you really cursing? Neural processing of taboo words in native and foreign language

et al. 2019

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“…Furthermore, speech can violate social norms without being assertoric or violating any epistemic expectation -so that one cannot infer assertoric force (and, consequently, lie-aptness) from the social sanctionability of a speech act. For instance, using a slur to report someone else's speech can justly be interpreted as an instance of hate speech itself, eliciting the relevant criticism and social sanctions (Schlenker 2007;Cepollaro, Sulpizio, and Bianchi 2019), even 16 For an account of the moral and epistemic vices of which the misleader is culpable, and a comparison with lying, see e.g. Adler (1997), Saul (2012), Pepp (2018), Marsili (2019).…”

Section: Epistemic Expectations: On Truthfulness and Accountabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Retweeting: its linguistic and epistemic value

Marsili

2020

Synthese

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This paper analyses the communicative and epistemic value of retweeting (and more generally of reposting content on social media). Against a naïve view, it argues that retweets are not acts of endorsement, motivating this diagnosis with linguistic data. Retweeting is instead modelled as a peculiar form of quotation, in which the reported content is indicated rather than reproduced. A relevance-theoretic account of the communicative import of retweeting is then developed, to spell out the complex mechanisms by which retweets achieve their communicative goals. The last section outlines the epistemic threats posed by the increasing prevalence of retweeting on social media, linking them to the low reputational, cognitive and practical costs linked to this emerging form of communication.

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“…Secondly, the syntactic position of the words has been highlighted as one of the factors that might determine whether a word is interpreted as a slur. This line has given rise to unexpected consequences (Cepollaro, Sulpizio & Bianchi, 2019): slurs are perceived as more offensive than other kinds of insults when they are presented in isolation. However, expressions of the form "Someone is an X" turn out to be perceived to be less offensive when X is a slur than when it is a nonslurring insult.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exactly, what do you mean?

Almagro¹,

Fernández

2021

Daimon

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El propósito de este trabajo es explorar los límites de un subconjunto de los usos evalua-tivos del lenguaje: el discurso ofensivo. Nuestro objetivo es doble. Primero, introducimos la rela-ción que hay entre el contexto y las proferencias evaluativas, tal y como puede rastrearse en la literatura reciente acerca de la cuestión. Segundo, nos centramos en el estudio experimental de una interacción particular entre la información contextual y nuestras afirmaciones evaluativas: cuándo el contexto es capaz de convertir una pro-ferencia aparentemente descriptiva en una evalua-tiva. Para este segundo propósito, argumentamos, ciertas propuestas positivas recientes, a pesar de su mérito, son insuficientes. The purpose of this paper is to explore the limits of a subset of the evaluative uses of language: offensive speech. More in particular, our goal is twofold. Firstly, we want to chart the relationship between context and evaluative utterances, as it stands in the current literature. Secondly, we focus on the experimental study of a particular interaction between contextual information and our evaluative claims –when the context is able to turn a seemingly descriptive utterance into an evaluative one. For this second purpose, we argue, certain recent positive proposals, in spite of their merit, come a bit short.

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How bad is it to report a slur? An empirical investigation

Cited by 20 publications

References 25 publications

Are you really cursing? Neural processing of taboo words in native and foreign language

Are you really cursing? Neural processing of taboo words in native and foreign language

Retweeting: its linguistic and epistemic value

Exactly, what do you mean?

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