How are covid-19 symptoms changing?

Looi, Mun-Keat

doi:10.1136/bmj.p3

Cited by 35 publications

(37 citation statements)

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“…[4][5][6] However, how to predict who is at risk and what the precise source of long-COVID is has not been clear to date in any respect. 3 This article thus attempted to update what we know in this regard, including possible determinants that have only recently been discussed such as the role of a possible dysregulated immune system, 7 and inflammation linked pathologies within the nervous system, the cardiovascular, and the gastrointestinal or metabolic systems in vulnerable post-acute COVID-19 survivors. 6 This report also focuses on what researchers currently conclude about long COVID-19 health attributes, and in particular any age associated insights and possible remediation factors, as reported in the PUBMED database and others in early 2023.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging and long COVID-19 syndrome: what’s new in 2023?

Marks¹

2023

MOJGG

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Since 2019 that saw the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, its ongoing impact on many older adults remains a persistent public health concern, especially among those who report suffering from long or post-acute COVID-19 disease health challenges. This report presents data published largely since January 1 2023 on this topic and concerning: Long COVID or COVID-19, Older Adults, Post-Acute COVID-19 Outcomes, and Prevention. Data show that even though long COVID-19 was discussed in 2021 at some length, it still remains a relatively unchartered poorly understood topic in which a sizeable percentage of older adult COVID-19 survivors may experience delayed features of breathing, movement, cognitive and mental health challenges. What causes the observed and perceived problems, what may help to identify who is at risk, and what will reduce these remains unknown, but may benefit from insightful research and extended observations and possible.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging and long COVID-19 syndrome: what’s new in 2023?

Marks¹

2023

MOJGG

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“…However, the research and development (R&D) of these drugs and vaccines have focused mainly on the spike protein of the virus, but as observed, the virus mutates—evident from the variants that were circulating during the pandemic—which potentially may eventually render them less effective in the long term. Clinicians are overwhelmed by a complete change in viral symptoms every time there is a new strain in circulation [ 3 , 4 ]. Mathematical modeling has been helpful to only an extent [ 5 , 6 ], even with a much more extensive understanding of risk factors and prognosis [ 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycolactone: A Broad Spectrum Multitarget Antiviral Active in the Picomolar Range for COVID-19 Prevention and Cure

Asiedu

Gupta

Nicolaescu

et al. 2023

IJMS

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We have previously shown computationally that Mycolactone (MLN), a toxin produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans, strongly binds to Munc18b and other proteins, presumably blocking degranulation and exocytosis of blood platelets and mast cells. We investigated the effect of MLN on endocytosis using similar approaches, and it bound strongly to the N-terminal of the clathrin protein and a novel SARS-CoV-2 fusion protein. Experimentally, we found 100% inhibition up to 60 nM and 84% average inhibition at 30 nM in SARS-CoV-2 live viral assays. MLN was also 10× more potent than remdesivir and molnupiravir. MLN’s toxicity against human alveolar cell line A549, immortalized human fetal renal cell line HEK293, and human hepatoma cell line Huh7.1 were 17.12%, 40.30%, and 36.25%, respectively. The cytotoxicity IC50 breakpoint ratio versus anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity was more than 65-fold. The IC50 values against the alpha, delta, and Omicron variants were all below 0.020 µM, and 134.6 nM of MLN had 100% inhibition in an entry and spread assays. MLN is eclectic in its actions through its binding to Sec61, AT2R, and the novel fusion protein, making it a good drug candidate for treating and preventing COVID-19 and other similarly transmitted enveloped viruses and pathogens.

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“…1,2 Omicron infections are mainly restricted to the upper respiratory tract and are thus generally associated with mild disease. 3,4 However, Omicron infections may still result in severe disease in immunocompromized patients or those with pre-existing comorbidities, which substantially contributes to hospitalization rates and general disease burden. 5,6 Several observational studies reported a high incidence of Omicron vaccine-breakthrough infections and reinfections.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron BA.5-specific neutralizing antibody and T cell responses after Omicron bivalent booster vaccination in previously infected and infection-naive individuals

Mak¹,

Visser²,

Vliet³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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COVID-19 bivalent ancestral/Omicron mRNA booster vaccinations became available to boost and expand the immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infections. In a prospective cohort study including 59 healthcare workers, we assessed SARS-CoV-2 ancestral and Omicron BA.5-specific neutralizing antibody and T cell responses in previously infected and infection-naive individuals. Also, we assessed the effect of an ancestral/Omicron BA.1 bivalent mRNA booster vaccination on these immune responses. 10 months after previous monovalent mRNA vaccinations, ancestral SARS-CoV-2 S1-specific T cell and anti-RBD IgG responses remained detectable in most individuals and a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with increased T cell responses. T cell responses, anti-RBD IgG, and Omicron BA.5 neutralization activity increased after receiving an ancestral/Omicron BA.1 bivalent booster mRNA vaccination. An Omicron BA.5 infection in addition to bivalent vaccination led to a higher ratio of Omicron BA.5 to ancestral strain neutralization activity compared to bivalent vaccination without a recent SARS-CoV-2 infection. In conclusion, SARS-CoV-2 T cell and antibody responses persist for up to 10 months after a monovalent booster mRNA vaccination. An ancestral/Omicron BA.1 bivalent booster mRNA vaccination increases these immune responses and also induces Omicron BA.5 cross-neutralization antibody activity. Finally, our data indicate that hybrid immunity is associated with improved preservation of T cell immunity.

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How are covid-19 symptoms changing?

Cited by 35 publications

References 1 publication

Aging and long COVID-19 syndrome: what’s new in 2023?

Aging and long COVID-19 syndrome: what’s new in 2023?

Mycolactone: A Broad Spectrum Multitarget Antiviral Active in the Picomolar Range for COVID-19 Prevention and Cure

Ancestral SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron BA.5-specific neutralizing antibody and T cell responses after Omicron bivalent booster vaccination in previously infected and infection-naive individuals

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