How an outbreak became a pandemic: a chronological analysis of crucial junctures and international obligations in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic

Singh, Sudhvir; McNab, Christine; Olson, Rose McKeon; Bristol, Nellie; Nolan, Cody; Bergstrøm, Elin; Bartoš, Michael; Mabuchi, Shunsuke; Panjabi, Raj; Karan, Abraar; Abdalla, Salma M; Bonk, Mathias; Jamieson, Margaret; Werner, G. K.; Nordström, Anders; Legido‐Quigley, Helena; Phelan, Alexandra

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(21)01897-3

Cited by 94 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 52 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…After the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in December 2019 in China, a rapid spread occurred leading to a global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ( Singh et al, 2021 ; Wu and McGoogan, 2020 ). Decisions on measures against SARS-CoV-2 infections are challenging and require scientific knowledge on their efficacy and their potential benefits and harms ( Ioannidis, 2020a ; Kampf and Kulldorff, 2021 ; Pilz, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 reinfections: Overview of efficacy and duration of natural and hybrid immunity

Pilz

Theiler‐Schwetz

Trummer

et al. 2022

Environmental Research

213

191

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Seroprevalence surveys suggest that more than a third and possibly more than half of the global population has been infected with SARS-CoV-2 by early 2022. As large numbers of people continue to be infected, the efficacy and duration of natural immunity in terms of protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfections and severe disease is of crucial significance for the future. This narrative review provides an overview on epidemiological studies addressing this issue. National surveys covering 2020–2021 documented that a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with a significantly reduced risk of reinfections with efficacy lasting for at least one year and only relatively moderate waning immunity. Importantly, natural immunity showed roughly similar effect sizes regarding protection against reinfection across different SARS-CoV-2 variants, with the exception of the Omicron variant for which data are just emerging before final conclusions can be drawn. Risk of hospitalizations and deaths was also reduced in SARS-CoV-2 reinfections versus primary infections. Observational studies indicate that natural immunity may offer equal or greater protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections compared to individuals receiving two doses of an mRNA vaccine, but data are not fully consistent. The combination of a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection and a respective vaccination, termed hybrid immunity, seems to confer the greatest protection against SARS-CoV-2 infections, but several knowledge gaps remain regarding this issue. Natural immunity should be considered for public health policy regarding SARS-CoV-2.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 reinfections: Overview of efficacy and duration of natural and hybrid immunity

Pilz

Theiler‐Schwetz

Trummer

et al. 2022

Environmental Research

213

191

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…International coordination including vaccine allocation, food, finance, and equitable access is essential for the world to respond to the pandemic [52]. The pandemic did not only cause the breakdown of developing countries, but also developed countries, which indicates that countries should enhance transparency, share information, and strengthen cooperation to protect international health and security [53]. As for Southeast Asia, due to strong socioeconomic connectivity among all countries, it is vital for countries in SEA to adopt collaborative policies to overcome the challenges of COVID-19.…”

Section: Implications and Recommendationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatiotemporal patterns and progression of the Delta variant of COVID-19 and their health intervention linkages in Southeast Asia

Luo

Liu

Zhou

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The global pandemic of COVID-19 presented an unprecedented challenge to all countries in the world, among which Southeast Asia (SEA) countries managed to maintain and mitigate the first wave of COVID-19 in 2020. However, these countries were caught in the crisis after the Delta variant was introduced to SEA, though many countries had immediately implemented non-pharmaceutical intervention (NPI) measures along with vaccination in order to contain the disease spread. To investigate the potential linkages between epidemic dynamics and public health interventions, we adopted a prospective space-time scan method to conduct spatiotemporal analysis at the district level in the seven selected countries in SEA from June 2021 to October 2021. Results reveal the spatial and temporal propagation and progression of COVID-19 risks relative to public health measures implemented by different countries. Our research benefits continuous improvements of public health strategies in preventing and containing this pandemic.

show abstract

“…Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). As of October 22, 2021, more than 242.3 million SARS-CoV-2 infections and 4.9 million COVID-19-related deaths have been documented ( 1 , 2 ). A previous proteomic study of COVID-19 autopsies indicated dysregulation of key factors involved in hypoxia, angiogenesis, blood coagulation, and fibrosis in multiple organs from COVID-19 patients, and these factors contributed to typical histopathological features of COVID-19, such as microthrombi, proliferation of fibroblasts/myofibroblasts and fibrosis in alveolar septa, and intussusceptive angiogenesis ( 3 , 4 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Metabolomics and Proteomics Reveal Vibrio parahaemolyticus Targets Hypoxia-Related Signaling Pathways of Takifugu obscurus

Yu²,

Ye³

et al. 2022

Front. Immunol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) raises the issue of how hypoxia destroys normal physiological function and host immunity against pathogens. However, there are few or no comprehensive omics studies on this effect. From an evolutionary perspective, animals living in complex and changeable marine environments might develop signaling pathways to address bacterial threats under hypoxia. In this study, the ancient genomic model animal Takifugu obscurus and widespread Vibrio parahaemolyticus were utilized to study the effect. T. obscurus was challenged by V. parahaemolyticus or (and) exposed to hypoxia. The effects of hypoxia and infection were identified, and a theoretical model of the host critical signaling pathway in response to hypoxia and infection was defined by methods of comparative metabolomics and proteomics on the entire liver. The changing trends of some differential metabolites and proteins under hypoxia, infection or double stressors were consistent. The model includes transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), and epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling pathways, and the consistent changing trends indicated that the host liver tended toward cell proliferation. Hypoxia and infection caused tissue damage and fibrosis in the portal area of the liver, which may be related to TGF-β1 signal transduction. We propose that LRG (leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein) is widely involved in the transition of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway in response to hypoxia and pathogenic infection in vertebrates as a conserved molecule.

show abstract

How an outbreak became a pandemic: a chronological analysis of crucial junctures and international obligations in the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic

Cited by 94 publications

References 52 publications

SARS-CoV-2 reinfections: Overview of efficacy and duration of natural and hybrid immunity

SARS-CoV-2 reinfections: Overview of efficacy and duration of natural and hybrid immunity

Spatiotemporal patterns and progression of the Delta variant of COVID-19 and their health intervention linkages in Southeast Asia

Comparative Metabolomics and Proteomics Reveal Vibrio parahaemolyticus Targets Hypoxia-Related Signaling Pathways of Takifugu obscurus

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About