How America can look within to achieve energy security and reduce global warming

Richter, B.; Goldston, David B.; Crabtree, G. W.; Glicksman, Leon R.; Goldstein, David; Greene, David L.; Kammen, D. M.; Levine, Mark; Lubell, M. S.; Savitz, Maxine; Sperling, Daniel; Schlachter, Fred; Scofield, John; Dawson, J.K.

doi:10.1103/revmodphys.80.s1

Cited by 98 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(20 reference statements)

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“…The fraction of electricity that goes into buildings is even higher and can amount to as much as ~70 % [8,9]. For the US, where detailed information is available [10], the buildings' part of the primary energy consumption was 41 % in 2010, which can be compared with 34, 36, and 38 % in 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochromics and thermochromics for energy efficient fenestration: Functionalities based on nanoparticles of In2O3:Sn and VO2

Granqvist

Pehlivan

et al. 2014

Thin Solid Films

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochromics and thermochromics for energy efficient fenestration: Functionalities based on nanoparticles of In2O3:Sn and VO2

Granqvist

Pehlivan

et al. 2014

Thin Solid Films

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“…As much as 30 to 40% of the primary energy in the world is spent in buildings, for heating, cooling, lighting, ventilation and appliances, and developed countries lie at the top of this bracket; the fraction of the electricity used in buildings is even higher and can amount to ~ 70% [3,11] …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Smart Window Technologies: Electrochromics and Nanocellulose thin film Membranes and Devices

2017

SDRP-JNMS

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ABSTRACT:Strategies for incorporating energy-efficiency requirements into building standards have been implemented by governments in developed countries in order to introduce the concept of green nanotechnology. Substituting regular glass windows in residential/commercial buildings with smart windows is the objective. The smart window is to function as electric dimming glass that is to be built with innovative nanomaterial based membranes/ coatings. Currently, the regular windows are made of glass and curtains/blinds are used to block sun light; eliminating such elements is of importance due to its limited functionality. Though these curtains/blinds blocks UV and prevents sun light illumination inside the rooms, but there are additional issues such as health hazards (e.g. dust and germ collection especially in hospitals) relating to asthma problems, disposal/recycling issues, regular cost, and maintenance which are some of the possible glitches. The smart window is expected to block harmful UV light and provide controlled privacy while also eliminating the problems related to curtains/blinds. Electrochromic (EC) smart windows are already in use that varies the throughput of visible light by electrical voltage or by solar energy application and are able to provide energy efficiency and indoor comfort. These smart windows comprises of electrochromic materials such as LixWO2.89 and HxNiO2 as cathodic and anodic oxide films, respectively, and other complex polymers, which are complicated to create, expensive and some are hazardous in nature. Nanocellulose (achieved from wood/pulp product) is already being used in flexible electronics, so nanomaterial membrane based suspended particle device (SPD) technology for smart window is a probable alternative to EC devices, but still under research. This paper reviews, introduces and discusses the present situation of both (EC and SPD) options for the state-of-the-art smart windows and its applications while also provide ample references to current literature of particular relevance and thereby, hopefully, an easy entrance to the research field. Also the paper presents an outlook for an innovative technology for smart-windows with SPD-EC technology to work as dimming glass on voltage application while also induce the capability of solar applications in smart windows leading to green nanotechnology in buildings.

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“…The most important of these applications, seen in a global perspective, is the ''smart windows'' that are significant for reducing the energy used in the built environment [4,5] and hence for CO 2 abatement and for combating global warming. The devices enabling modulation of luminous and solar transmittance can be of several different kinds such as electrochromic five-layer ''battery-type'' devices based on inorganic oxides [6][7][8], hydrides [9,10] or on organic materials [11]; suspended-particle devices (SPDs) [12][13][14][15][16]; polymer-dispersed liquid crystals [17,18]; and reversible electroplating systems [19,20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward a quantitative model for suspended particle devices: Optical scattering and absorption coefficients

Barrios

Vergaz

Sánchez‐Pena

et al. 2013

Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells

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Suspended particle devices (SPDs) allow rapid voltage-controlled modulation of their optical transmit-tance and are of interest for solar-energy-related and other applications. We investigated the spectral total and diffuse transmittance of an SPD, including its angular dependence. The optical modulation was large for visible light but almost nil in the infrared, and the devices had noticeable haze. A theoretical two-flux model was formulated and provided a quantitative description of the absorption and scattering coefficients and thereby of the detailed optical performance. This analysis gives a benchmark for assessing improvements of the SPD technology as well as for comparing it with alternative technologies for optical modulation.

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How America can look within to achieve energy security and reduce global warming

Cited by 98 publications

References 27 publications

Electrochromics and thermochromics for energy efficient fenestration: Functionalities based on nanoparticles of In2O3:Sn and VO2

Electrochromics and thermochromics for energy efficient fenestration: Functionalities based on nanoparticles of In2O3:Sn and VO2

Smart Window Technologies: Electrochromics and Nanocellulose thin film Membranes and Devices

Toward a quantitative model for suspended particle devices: Optical scattering and absorption coefficients

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