How adaptive capacity shapes the Adapt, React, Cope response to climate impacts: insights from small-scale fisheries

Green, Kristen M.; Selgrath, Jennifer C.; Frawley, Timothy H.; Oestreich, William K.; Mansfield, Elizabeth J.; Urteaga, José; Swanson, Shannon Switzer; Santana, Francisca N.; Green, Stephanie; Naggea, Josheena; Crowder, Larry B.

doi:10.1007/s10584-021-02965-w

Cited by 41 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…The general reasoning is that investment in these factors will increase adaptive capacity. Yet, much of this work has remained theoretical in nature, especially in relation to how coastal communities actually adapt to climate stressors (Siders 2019, Green et al 2021. Overlaying these theoretical frameworks from the adaptive capacity literature with the pragmatic mechanisms from access theory has allowed us to provide an empirically grounded understanding of (1) the most salient climate stressors impacting access to coastal harvest in a region of the Alaska Arctic, (2) the mediating mechanisms reported by harvesters to maintain access to coastal subsistence resources during times of rapid environmental change, and (3) potential adaptation responses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). We build on theoretical foundations of adaptive capacity literature, that is, the domains of learning and knowledge, diversity and flexibility, governance and institutions, natural capital, and access to assets that have been linked to adaptation in the coastal social-ecological literature (Bennett et al 2014, Whitney et al 2017, Green et al 2021, but apply them through the lens of access theory, which has been established and empirically tested in many settings (Myers and Hansen 2020). To do so, we combine and ground our framework using data from semi-structured interviews and environmental datasets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…found that Arctic harvesters with both sophisticated transportation equipment (capital and technology) as well as skill in navigating trail conditions (knowledge), were less affected by climatic changes relative to users with more limited equipment and trail expertise. Similarly, asset-poor, small-scale fisher households may be better able to adapt to climate stressors when they combine existing knowledge with other factors, like the agency to diversify livelihoods(Green et al 2021). We identified both individual access mechanisms and recurring combinations, notably capital and technology, time and social relations, and authority and knowledge.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Climate change stressors and social-ecological factors mediating access to subsistence resources in Arctic Alaska

Green¹,

Beaudreau²,

Lukin³

et al. 2021

E&S

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Human access routes to coastal subsistence resources are being altered in Arctic regions as temperatures warm. The accessibility dimension of climate impacts on coastal resources is critical to food sovereignty and resilience of Indigenous Arctic communities, yet the issue of access is understudied relative to food availability. This issue also has implications for the role of governmental agencies in mediating resource access in a changing landscape. We examined the role of climate stressors in affecting access to customary and traditional foods (subsistence) by Indigenous (Iñupiat) communities within and near Arctic National Parklands. We apply access theory to better understand (1) the climate stressors that most impact access to coastal animals and harvest areas, (2) how they affect the availability and reliability of harvest of coastal species, and (3) the mechanisms that facilitate or constrain access to coastal subsistence resources. Our study employed a combination of expert interviews and synthesis of pre-existing environmental time series data in the communities of Kotzebue and Kivalina, Alaska. We found that chronic climate stressors (sea ice retreat, coastal erosion, and changes in weather) most impacted harvest access. To mediate these changes, harvesters ubiquitously reported the use of access mechanisms including capital, knowledge, technology, and social identity; social relations, authority, and time were also reported at high rates. Potential adaptations in these communities include increased reliance on technology and capital to access animals despite landscape changes (e.g., using boats in the absence of sea ice), switching species or relying on social networks for sharing resources when animals become harder to find, and exploring alternatives to harvesting (such as growing food) in response to increasing access challenges. Our findings highlight the stewardship and sovereignty of Indigenous communities as a basis for resilience in a rapidly changing environment.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Climate change stressors and social-ecological factors mediating access to subsistence resources in Arctic Alaska

Green¹,

Beaudreau²,

Lukin³

et al. 2021

E&S

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“…Frawley et al (2019) also investigated the heterogeneous perceptions of social-ecological change among small-scale fishers in the central Gulf of California, and they concluded that gear ownership and target species diversification were key factors in determining the cultural models through which fishers responded to changes in the resource system. More recently, Green et al (2021) conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate how responses to climate, environmental, and social change are influenced by domains of adaptive capacity in SSF of 20 countries, and founded that adaptive responses at the community level only occurred when the community had access to assets, in combination with other domains including diversity and flexibility, learning and knowledge, and natural capital. Galappaththi et al (2021) also analyzed how fisheriesdependent indigenous communities respond and adapt to climate change impacts in Canada and Sri Lanka.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resilience and Social Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts in Small-Scale Fisheries

et al. 2022

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Small-cale fisheries are important for livelihoods, food security, jobs and income worldwide. However, they face major challenges, including the increasing effects of climate change that pose serious risks to coastal ecosystems and fishing communities. Although scientific research on climate change impacts has increased in recent years, few studies have explored the social impacts on small-scale fisheries. Using Galicia (Spain) as a case study, we investigated individual and household-level adaptive responses to climate change among fishers in three fishing guilds (Cambados, Campelo, and Redondela). Specifically, we estimated the economic vulnerability of shellfishers and assessed the diversity of social adaptive responses used to deal with climate change. Although fishers’ income strongly depends on shellfishing in all studied areas, our findings show that less fishing experience and lower engagement in fisher associations tend to increase the economic vulnerability of the fishers. The fishers’ vulnerability decreases as the size of households increases, while fishers who pay a mortgage and who live in households with fewer active members tend to be more vulnerable. The findings also show that Galician shellfishers have developed a wide range of adaptation strategies to anticipate and respond to climate change impacts, namely harvesting pricier and more abundant species, reducing household expenses and increasing social involvement in shellfishery associations. Although the adaptive strategies have helped Galician fishers to deal with climate change impacts, several threats to the sustainability of shellfisheries remain, such as a decrease in the abundance of key native shellfish species, and a high dependence on public and private aid to ensure reasonable incomes for shellfisheries. These findings are of interest and relevance to other similar small-scale fisheries around the world facing similar climate change challenges.

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“…Small-scale fisheries are undergoing rapid socioeconomic and environmental changes due to overfishing, declining fishing stocks, and the degradation of marine and coastal landscapes. To match the high levels of uncertainty associated with the new scenarios, fishing communities have revised their local ecological knowledge and practices, diversified their livelihoods, and developed novel institutional arrangements (FAO, 2019;Aswani, 2020;Green et al, 2021). As part of these innovations to regulate the use of natural resources, a wide range of sectors and academic disciplines has renewed the call for co-management and user-rights frameworks (von Benda-Beckmann et al, 2016;Tilley et al, 2019;Villaseñor-Derbez et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Co-governance, Transregional Maritime Conventions, and Indigenous Customary Practices Among Subsistence Fishermen in Ende, Indonesia

Ramenzoni

2021

Front. Mar. Sci.

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This article presents a case study of a fishery in the port-town community of Ende, Flores, a former littoral hub located at the periphery of major commercial systems in the Indo-Pacific region. The article argues that more attention be paid to the role of transregional maritime networks, nautical conventions, and navigational practices embedded within local tenure systems to understand the apparent absence of formal control of marine and coastal resources. Through ethnographic and archival research, this study identifies the presence of indigenous institutions for fishing grounds regulation and documents the existence of broader transregional norms dictating proper fishing and navigation. Exploring the interactions between more pluralistic customary systems that exist in port-towns such as Ende and recent fishery development policies, the article discusses some of the obstacles to implementing sustainable co-management strategies. While the Indonesian central government is strongly promoting co-governance approaches for resource management, these institutional models are based on geographically narrow definitions of tradition and customary law which can lead to management failures, such as elite capture and local fishers’ disenfranchisement. In this case, policies emphasize the formation of cooperative groups without considering transregional beliefs about independence and pre-established systems of obligations. As a result, disputes among the fishermen, conflicts with local fishery officers, and the use of non-sustainable practices continue. For example, embodying predominant Southeast Asian beliefs, Endenese are known for their entrepreneurial nature and strong self-sufficiency ethos. Yet, these notions are ignored by local government agencies that view the fishermen as selfish and disorganized. In order to formulate true participatory solutions, a careful assessment of the role played by transregional perspectives that go beyond geographically localized understandings of customary practices is needed. The article concludes with a consideration of the role played by decentralization processes, subsidies, and aid programs in entrenching poverty and inequality among local communities.

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How adaptive capacity shapes the Adapt, React, Cope response to climate impacts: insights from small-scale fisheries

Cited by 41 publications

References 69 publications

Climate change stressors and social-ecological factors mediating access to subsistence resources in Arctic Alaska

Climate change stressors and social-ecological factors mediating access to subsistence resources in Arctic Alaska

Resilience and Social Adaptation to Climate Change Impacts in Small-Scale Fisheries

Co-governance, Transregional Maritime Conventions, and Indigenous Customary Practices Among Subsistence Fishermen in Ende, Indonesia

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