How a picture facilitates the process of learning from text: Evidence for scaffolding

How may multimedia and hypertext documents support deep processing for learning?

“…For instance, maintaining pictorial information in working memory would be less costly (e.g. Eitel, Scheiter, Schüler, Nyström, & Holmqvist, 2013) and drawing inferences from pictures would be easier than from text (Van Genuchten et al, 2012) because it would rely on perception rather than on semantic interpretation (Larkin & Simon, 1987). This led Eitel et al (2013) to the scaffolding hypothesis: pictures provide relatively direct access to mental model construction, so that presenting a picture before a text facilitates its processing.…”

Eye-movement modeling of integrative reading of an illustrated text: Effects on processing and learning

“…However, it would be possible, for example, to use EMME in a condition that shows two contrasting reading strategies, one good and one poor. Alternatively, a second EMME condition could show a different, potentially successful, reading strategy (i.e., a brief exploration of the picture before reading the text, see Eitel et al, 2013). Furthermore, in a third condition, the processing strategy could be taught without the use of eye tracking.…”

“…Eye tracking captures a person's eye position, which is linked to attention and information processing (Just & Carpenter, 1980;Rayner, 1998Rayner, , 2009). Eye-tracking methodology has recently received increased attention in educational research about multimedia learning to examine the processing of text and static graphics (Eitel, Scheitel, Schüler, Nyström, & Holmqvist, 2013) − especially the time course of this processing (Mason, Pluchino, Tornatora, & Ariasi, 2013) − complex graphics (Canham & Hegarty, 2010), animations (Boucheix & Lowe, 2010), and dynamic stimuli . Modern technology related to eye movement recordings not only provides unique information regarding perceptual and cognitive processes underlying learning performance, but it also makes gaze replays available in the form of videos.…”

Scientific Visualizations Based on Integrated Model of Text and Picture Comprehension via Eye-tracking

“…Several research also is conducted to answer this question that if the text and picture appear in sequence, which model would be more effective. Some of these studies have provided experiments, to study the effect of picture and text sequencing (Canham & Hegarty, 2010;Eitel, Scheiter, Schüler, Nyström, & Holmqvist, 2013;McCrudden, Magliano, & Schraw, 2011;Shaw, Nihalani, Mayrath, & Robinson, 2012). The results of the conducted experiments varies for each study, meaning that some of the experiments concluded in the effectiveness of picture before text sequence (Borges & Robins, 1980;Dean & Enemoh, 1983;McCrudden et al, 2011;McCrudden, Schraw, & Lehman, 2007;Salmerón, Baccino, Cañas, Madrid, & Fajardo, 2009;Ullrich, 2007), and also almost equally a big body of research have achieved positive results on behalf of the text before picture or text only model (Bransford & Bransford, 1972;Canham & Hegarty, 2010;O'Keefe & Solman, 1987;Robinson, Katayama, Dubois, & Devaney, 1998;Robinson & Kiewra, 1995;Simmons, Griffin, & Kameenui, 1988).…”