Housing in the Global North and the Global South

Evaluating the Role of Participation in Different Design Phases for More Inclusive Housing

“…In the postwar period, housing emerged as a fundamental spatial problem to address due to the mass destruction of cities and rapidly increasing populations. Therefore, the West, considering European countries and the US, focused on government-led mass housing projects to cope with housing shortages between the 50s and 70s (Forrest & William, 2001;Jenkins, Smith, & Ping Wang, 2007, pp.153-178;Czischke & Ayala, 2021). The prevailing modernist approach to a standardized living environment for 'normal' citizens was criticized parallel to civil and disability rights movements occurred in the same period.…”

“…Moreover, how can housing environments respond to changing needs and experiences of users in post-occupancy has been questioned. Forrest and William, 2001;Jenkins et al, 2007;Czischke and Ayala, 2021 Another significant perspective in housing studies has been the legal aspects of making policies and the planning process more inclusive and affordable. While user-driven discussions focused more on generating design solutions that could be universal and equitable for all, these studies have been primarily context-based and varied in two parts of the world.…”

“…Privatization trends in housing have significantly reconsidered the public sector and NGOs' role in affordable housing, especially in many European countries (Calavita & Mallach, 2010). Accordingly, bottom-up and participatory solutions for housing have also (re)emerged, such as resident-led cooperatives and collaborative housing (Czischke & Ayala, 2021;Lang, Carriou & Czischke, 2020). Whereas, for the Global South, housing issues have been relatively new due to rapid urbanization that started after the 60s.…”

“…The growing population's lack of affordable and adequate housing has increased informal settlements. This resulted in marginalized and unemployed groups of society being deprived of fundamental housing rights (Czischke & Ayala, 2021). Thus, inclusionary housing studies in the Global South mainly focused on enabling policy development for the informal housing sector through collaborative approaches between state and private sectors and, most recently, participatory improvement initiatives ( UN-Habitat, 2003).…”

“…The right-based understanding and recognition by national and international organizations like the UN and OECD have significantly influenced inclusivity discussions in housing. Especially the development of new global agendas like UN-Habitat to cope with increasing problems of urban environments fostered the movement of the housing paradigm in the twentieth century toward the recognition and operationalization of the right to adequate housing (Czischke & Ayala, 2021). According to the human rights-based approach identified by UN-Habitat (shown in Figure 2), minimum criteria for fair housing prioritize inclusion in many dimensions within a holistic framework for housing development (2017b).…”