Housing Density and Bacterial Loading in Urban Streams

Young, Katherine D.; Thackston, Edward L.

doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1999)125:12(1177)

Cited by 130 publications

(85 citation statements)

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“…Increased nutrient loading to streams could stimulate algal (and therefore secondary) productivity, although this response depends in part on other factors such as shading by riparian vegetation, turbidity, stability of streambed sediments, and pollutant levels (Paul & Meyer, 2001). Finally, bacterial abundances, especially of coliform bacteria, can be high in urban streams, possibly due to leaking or overflowing sanitary sewers (Duda, Lenat, & Penrose, 1982), runoff from impervious surfaces and lawns (Young & Thackston, 1999), or discharges from storm sewer drains (Frenzel & Couvillion, 2002). Although often peaking during storm events, bacterial abundances also may be high under baseflow conditions (Duda et al, 1982;Young & Thackston, 1999).…”

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“…Finally, bacterial abundances, especially of coliform bacteria, can be high in urban streams, possibly due to leaking or overflowing sanitary sewers (Duda, Lenat, & Penrose, 1982), runoff from impervious surfaces and lawns (Young & Thackston, 1999), or discharges from storm sewer drains (Frenzel & Couvillion, 2002). Although often peaking during storm events, bacterial abundances also may be high under baseflow conditions (Duda et al, 1982;Young & Thackston, 1999).…”

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Urban Influences on Stream Chemistry and Biology in the Big Brushy Creek Watershed, South Carolina

Lewis

Mitchell

Andersen

et al. 2007

Water Air Soil Pollut

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Naturally high total dissolved solids and upstream agricultural runoff often mask the influence of urban land cover on stream chemistry and biology. We examined the influence of headwater urbanization on the water chemistry, microbiology, and fish communities of the Big Brushy Creek watershed, a 96 km 2 drainage basin in the piedmont of South Carolina, USA. Concentrations of most major anions and cations (especially nitrate, sulfate, chloride, sodium, potassium, and calcium) were highest in the urban headwaters and decreased downstream. Generally, the highest concentrations of suspended coliform bacteria occurred in the urban headwaters. In contrast, stream habitat quality and the abundance, species richness, and species diversity of fishes did not differ significantly between urban and rural sites. Discharge of wastewater treatment plant effluent at one rural location caused an increase in concentrations of many solutes and possibly the abundance of benthic algae. We hypothesize that atmospheric dry deposition and domestic animal wastes are important sources of stream solutes and of coliform bacteria, respectively, in the urban headwaters. The lack of significant differences in fish abundance and diversity between urban and rural sites may indicate that urban development in the Big Brushy Creek watershed has not yet degraded habitat conditions greatly for stream fishes. Alternatively, agriculture or other land uses may have degraded stream habitat quality throughout the watershed prior to urbanization.

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Urban Influences on Stream Chemistry and Biology in the Big Brushy Creek Watershed, South Carolina

Lewis

Mitchell

Andersen

et al. 2007

Water Air Soil Pollut

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“…(Young et al 1999, Chou et al 2004. Ratios of faecal coliforms and enterococci 'FC:FS' ranged from 0.1 to 9.9, but most frequently they were around 0.6, which indicates the influence of farm animals (according to Young et al 1999). However, at localities No.…”

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“…Moreover, a positive effect of increased precipitation was regularly observed (in agreement with Buck et al 2004), and therefore the arithmetic mean (and possibly also median) are quantities with poor value for prediction. (Young et al 1999, Chou et al 2004. Ratios of faecal coliforms and enterococci 'FC:FS' ranged from 0.1 to 9.9, but most frequently they were around 0.6, which indicates the influence of farm animals (according to Young et al 1999).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The ratio of counts of faecal coliforms and enterococci (faecal streptococci) -'FC:FS ratio' in water sample taken from one sampling point was used to distinguish between faecal pollution of human and animal origin by some authors (e.g. Young and Thackston 1999). It was shown that faecal coliforms are relatively more abundant in stool of human origin, whereas enterococci prevail in faeces of warm-blooded animals.…”

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Microbial pollution of water from agriculture

Baudišová¹

2009

PLANT SOIL ENVIRON

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Microbial contamination of small streams in agricultural areas was monitored for two years. Microbiological indicators of faecal pollution (faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci were detected by standard methods based on the cultivation of bacteria on selective media). The obtained results showed that running contamination of streams from agricultural areas was not extremely high, but it showed marked seasonal fluctuations (the average values and maximal values revealed great differences). Microbial contamination also increased several times in relation to high precipitation. The water quality in three (and/or four) localities exceeded the acceptable counts of faecal coliforms and enterococci given by the Czech legislation (40 CFU/ml for faecal coliforms and 20 CFU/ ml for enterococci). In agriculturally polluted streams, there were detected more enterococci than faecal coliforms, and also some less frequent species related to farm animals (Streptococcus equinus and S. bovis) or plant rests (E. mundtii, E. gallinarum, E. casseliflavus) were present. E. faecalis and E. faecium strains (these are the most common species related to human faecal pollution) were less frequent there.

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