Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Madewell, Zachary J.; Yang, Yang; Longini, Ira M.; Halloran, M. Elizabeth; Dean, Natalie E.

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.31756

Cited by 618 publications

(356 citation statements)

References 116 publications

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“…In the present study, the absence of identified child-to-staff member transmission during the 13-week study period suggests in-school spread was uncommon. This apparent lack of transmission is consistent with recent research ( 5 ), which found an asymptomatic attack rate of only 0.7% within households and a lower rate of transmission from children than from adults. However, this study was unable to rule out asymptomatic transmission within the school setting because surveillance testing was not conducted.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

COVID-19 Cases and Transmission in 17 K–12 Schools — Wood County, Wisconsin, August 31–November 29, 2020

Falk¹,

Benda²,

Falk³

et al. 2021

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

175

177

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On January 26, 2021, this report was posted as an MMWR Early Release on the MMWR website (https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr). The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted in-person learning in the United States, with approximately one half of all students receiving online-only instruction since March 2020.* Discontinuation of in-person schooling can result in many hardships (1) and disproportionately affects families of lower socioeconomic status (2). Current evidence suggests that transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, in kindergarten through grade 12 (K-12) schools might not significantly contribute to COVID-19 spread nationwide (3). During August 31-November 29, 2020, COVID-19 cases, spread, and compliance with mask use were investigated among 4,876 students and 654 staff members who participated in in-person learning in 17 K-12 schools in rural Wisconsin. School-attributable COVID-19 case rates were compared with rates in the surrounding community. School administration and public health officials provided information on COVID-19 cases within schools. During the study period, widespread community transmission was observed, with 7%-40% of COVID-19 tests having positive results. Masking was required for all students and staff members at all schools, and rate of reported student mask-wearing was high (>92%). COVID-19 case rates among students and staff members were lower (191 cases among 5,530 persons, or 3,453 cases per 100,000) than were those in the county overall (5,466 per 100,000). Among the 191 cases identified in students and staff members, one in 20 cases among students was linked to in-school transmission; no infections among staff members were found to have been acquired at school. These findings suggest that, with proper mitigation strategies, K-12 schools might be capable of opening for in-person learning with minimal in-school transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Among 18 selected schools in Wood County, Wisconsin, 17 agreed to participate in this study of COVID-19 in schools and compliance with mask use. One school opted not to participate based on teacher preference. Surveillance was initiated by a small group of physician and medical student researchers. Participating schools were from three public school districts, one private school district, and one independent private school. Eight schools were elementary (grades K-6) with 1,529 students attending in-person, and nine were * Accessed January 13, 2021. https://cai.burbio.com/school-opening-tracker/

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

COVID-19 Cases and Transmission in 17 K–12 Schools — Wood County, Wisconsin, August 31–November 29, 2020

Falk¹,

Benda²,

Falk³

et al. 2021

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

175

177

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Age-dependent infectivity might be associated with household lifestyles, family structure, and clinical conditions ( 9 ). Meta-analysis showed that the sex of the primary case-patient was not associated with transmission ( 5 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The primary cases of infectiousness defined by age, sex, and symptoms were less studied in the different settings. Furthermore, there were few reports of SAR among asymptomatic primary cases ( 3 , 5 , 6 ). Therefore, we estimated the SAR of COVID-19 and assessed the effects of age and sex of primary cases, symptoms of primary cases, and the time between diagnosis and symptom onset for primary cases on infectiousness in familial clusters.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Familial Clusters of Coronavirus Disease in 10 Prefectures, Japan, February−May 2020

Miyahara¹,

Tsuchiya²,

Yasuda³

et al. 2021

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Lewis et al find a rate of 28% in Wisconsin and Utah [ 41 ], while Grijalva et al found 53% in Wisconsin and Tennessee [ 42 ]. A recent review by Madewell et al [ 43 ] reports values between 4–44%. Curmei et al’s review [ 44 ] attempts to collect all these estimates and correct them upwards by accounting for false negative rates of diagnostic tests and for asymptomatic infections, resulting in estimates between ~10–55%.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of COVID-19 under social distancing measures are driven by transmission network structure

et al. 2021

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In the absence of pharmaceutical interventions, social distancing is being used worldwide to curb the spread of COVID-19. The impact of these measures has been inconsistent, with some regions rapidly nearing disease elimination and others seeing delayed peaks or nearly flat epidemic curves. Here we build a stochastic epidemic model to examine the effects of COVID-19 clinical progression and transmission network structure on the outcomes of social distancing interventions. Our simulations show that long delays between the adoption of control measures and observed declines in cases, hospitalizations, and deaths occur in many scenarios. We find that the strength of within-household transmission is a critical determinant of success, governing the timing and size of the epidemic peak, the rate of decline, individual risks of infection, and the success of partial relaxation measures. The structure of residual external connections, driven by workforce participation and essential businesses, interacts to determine outcomes. We suggest limited conditions under which the formation of household “bubbles” can be safe. These findings can improve future predictions of the timescale and efficacy of interventions needed to control second waves of COVID-19 as well as other similar outbreaks, and highlight the need for better quantification and control of household transmission.

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Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 618 publications

References 116 publications

COVID-19 Cases and Transmission in 17 K–12 Schools — Wood County, Wisconsin, August 31–November 29, 2020

COVID-19 Cases and Transmission in 17 K–12 Schools — Wood County, Wisconsin, August 31–November 29, 2020

Familial Clusters of Coronavirus Disease in 10 Prefectures, Japan, February−May 2020

Dynamics of COVID-19 under social distancing measures are driven by transmission network structure

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