Household transmission of COVID-19-a systematic review and meta-analysis

Lei, Hao; Xu, Xiaolin; Xiao, Su; Wu, Xifeng; Shu, Yuelong

doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.08.033

Cited by 134 publications

(138 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Among children and adolescents with COVID-19, 69% reported close contact with a person with COVID-19, similar to previous findings among children and adults ( 3 – 5 ). Most close contact exposures were to family members, consistent with household transmission of SARS-CoV-2 ( 6 – 8 ). Fewer (42%) children who received a negative SARS-CoV-2 test result reported close contact with a person with known COVID-19.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Factors Associated with Positive SARS-CoV-2 Test Results in Outpatient Health Facilities and Emergency Departments Among Children and Adolescents Aged <18 Years — Mississippi, September–November 2020

Hobbs¹,

Martin²,

Kim³

et al. 2020

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Factors Associated with Positive SARS-CoV-2 Test Results in Outpatient Health Facilities and Emergency Departments Among Children and Adolescents Aged <18 Years — Mississippi, September–November 2020

Hobbs¹,

Martin²,

Kim³

et al. 2020

MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep.

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“…Household transmission has been found to be an important mode of transmission [ 41 ], but there are strategies to mitigate it [ 42 ]. If people begin to partake in more activities outside of the home, finding ways to encourage increased protective actions within the household prophylactically would help counteract the additional risk posed by leaving one’s home.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling the relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection to inform risk-cost-benefit analyses of activities during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

McCarthy

Dewitt

Dumas³

et al. 2021

PLoS ONE

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Risk-cost-benefit analysis requires the enumeration of decision alternatives, their associated outcomes, and the quantification of uncertainty. Public and private decision-making surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic must contend with uncertainty about the probability of infection during activities involving groups of people, in order to decide whether that activity is worth undertaking. We propose a model of SARS-CoV-2 infection probability that can produce estimates of relative risk of infection for diverse activities, so long as those activities meet a list of assumptions, including that they do not last longer than one day (e.g., sporting events, flights, concerts), and that the probability of infection among possible routes of infection (i.e., droplet, aerosol, fomite, and direct contact) are independent. We show how the model can be used to inform decisions facing governments and industry, such as opening stadiums or flying on airplanes; in particular, it allows for estimating the ranking of the constituent components of activities (e.g., going through a turnstile, sitting in one’s seat) by their relative risk of infection, even when the probability of infection is unknown or uncertain. We prove that the model is a good approximation of a more refined model in which we assume infections come from a series of independent risks. A linearity assumption governing several potentially modifiable risks factors—such as duration of the activity, density of participants, and infectiousness of the attendees—makes interpreting and using the model straightforward, and we argue that it does so without significantly diminishing the reliability of the model.

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“…In Germany, 85 % of all fatalities occurred in people older than 70 years of age, but only in 0.02 % in people younger than 20 years of age [12]. SARS-CoV-2 is often transmitted to children by household contacts [8]. The role of children during this pandemic was unclear at the beginning and is being discussed controversially.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of COVID-19 Among Children and Adolescents While Easing Lockdown Restrictions in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

Körner

Weber

2021

Klin Padiatr

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Background In Germany, widespread full closures of schools and day care facilities were part of lockdown measures to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In the state of North Rhine-Westphalia closures took place on March 16, 2020 and were gradually eased from end of April 2020 until beginning of June 2020. Objective This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of COVID-19 among children and adolescents during the reopening period of schools and day care facilities in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It further depicts medical history and results of physical examinations of pediatric patients undergoing a test for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Methods Testing for SARS-CoV-2 was carried out by a naso- and / or oropharyngeal swab by local pediatricians at the time of presentation. Samples were analyzed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Medical history and physical examination results were retrospectively analyzed. Results 525 children and adolescents presented mainly with mild upper respiratory tract infections. Three patients were diagnosed with COVID-19. Their medical history and examination results did not stand out from the other patients. Conclusion A precautious stepwise opening of schools and day care facilities was not associated with the occurrence of a relevant prevalence of COVID-19 among children and adolescents. However, a low general prevalence of COVID-19 at the end of the observation period has to be taken into account. Systematic testing might enable adjusted regulations in favor of full closures, especially in the light of increasing evidence for pediatric patients constituting a low-risk group for COVID-19.

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Household transmission of COVID-19-a systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 134 publications

References 9 publications

Factors Associated with Positive SARS-CoV-2 Test Results in Outpatient Health Facilities and Emergency Departments Among Children and Adolescents Aged <18 Years — Mississippi, September–November 2020

Factors Associated with Positive SARS-CoV-2 Test Results in Outpatient Health Facilities and Emergency Departments Among Children and Adolescents Aged <18 Years — Mississippi, September–November 2020

Modeling the relative risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection to inform risk-cost-benefit analyses of activities during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

Prevalence of COVID-19 Among Children and Adolescents While Easing Lockdown Restrictions in Cologne, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany

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