Household Rice Choice and Consumption Behavior Across Agro-Climatic Zones of Cambodia

Sar, Seila; Gilbert, Robert G.; Marks, Geoffrey C.

doi:10.1080/19320248.2012.707107

Cited by 13 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Sources of data on distribution of rice consumption patterns Information on rice consumption in Cambodia was derived from our cross-sectional study on household rice choice and consumption behaviour carried out in 2010 (10) . This survey had a total of 250 respondents aged 18-75 years, selected using stratified multistage sampling to obtain a representative sample of rural and urban households in the five agro-climatic zones across the country.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rice Diabetes Epidemiological Modelling Cambodiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rice consumption levels as reported by Sar et al (10) were assumed to be representative of the Cambodian adult population. Diabetes is a lifelong disease (Remission = 0).…”

Section: General Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted in 2010 reported an overall prevalence of diabetes of 2·9 %, with it 2·4 times higher in urban (5·6 %) than in rural (2·3 %) areas (11) ; this prevalence is projected to increase to 5·6 % by 2030 (12) . Our previous study reported the considerable diversity in rice varieties grown and consumed in Cambodia (10) . Given the impact of level of rice consumption on risk of diabetes, important GI differences across varieties of rice and the rapidly increasing impact of type 2 diabetes on health in Cambodia, the present study aimed to estimate the effects of selected changes to rice consumption patterns on the burden of diabetes for Cambodia: (i) a reduction in the consumption of white rice from current levels to appropriately reduced levels; and (ii) a shift from consumption of high-GI to low-GI rice varieties.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It contributes at least 65 % of the energy intake in the diet of most Cambodians (9) who consume on average 462 g/person per d (uncooked weight) (10) . A nationwide cross-sectional survey conducted in 2010 reported an overall prevalence of diabetes of 2·9 %, with it 2·4 times higher in urban (5·6 %) than in rural (2·3 %) areas (11) ; this prevalence is projected to increase to 5·6 % by 2030 (12) .…”

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confidence: 99%

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Estimated effects of white rice consumption and rice variety selection on incidence of type 2 diabetes in Cambodia

Sar

Marks²

2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: Rice consumption patterns are considered an important risk factor for diabetes in many countries. The present study aimed to model the impact of a shift in consumption of white rice from current to appropriately reduced levels and a shift in rice variety from one with a high glycaemic index to one with a low glycaemic index, on the burden of type 2 diabetes in Cambodia. Design: Prevent Plus software was used to model the impact of selected changes to white rice consumption on the burden of type 2 diabetes. Data used for modelling included: demographic projections, relative risk estimates for white rice consumption and diabetes, diabetes incidence, rice type and quantities consumed. The 10-year projections were based on different scenarios of changes in risk factors. Results: With no intervention, 10-year projections showed that total new diabetes cases will increase from 11 315 (9·1 per 10 000 person-years) for the year 2011 to 14 852 new cases (12·4 per 10 000 person-years) in 2020. However, this increase will be reduced by 27 % (average across 10 years) with a change in rice variety from Phka Rumdual to IR66 and by 26 % (average across 10 years) with a 25 % reduction in quantity from current consumption levels. Conclusions: Changing rice consumption patterns has potential for an important impact on diabetes risk, with a change of rice variety having a similar impact on the burden of diabetes in communities consuming rice with a high glycaemic index as a 25 % reduction in the quantity of rice consumed. Similar effects are likely for other countries with rice as a staple food, diversity in rice varieties and high incidence of diabetes. Keywords Rice Diabetes Epidemiological modelling CambodiaThe glycaemic index (GI) of white rice ranges from 64 (SD 9) to 93 (SD 11) using an in vivo method (1) . The associations between dietary GI and glycaemic load (GL) and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes have been examined in several large-scale human observational studies. A positive association between dietary GL and risk of diabetes was supported by a recent meta-analysis that included twentyfour prospective cohort studies (2) . Significant positive associations have most consistently been reported in Asian populations (Chinese and Japanese) although the association was not significant in Japanese men (3,4) ; however, mixed results were reported from cohort studies in Western populations where the levels of rice consumed were much lower than those in Asian populations (5,6) . The specific relationship between white rice consumption and risk of developing diabetes was supported by a meta-analysis of seven prospective cohort studies where the association was significant in Asian but not in Western populations (7) . This might be explained by a greater glycaemic response to rice in regular rice-eating populations (Asian) than seldom rice-eating Western populations (8) .Rice is a staple food in Cambodia. It contributes at least 65 % of the energy intake in the diet of most Cambodians (9) who consume on ...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rice Diabetes Epidemiological Modelling Cambodiamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rice consumption levels as reported by Sar et al (10) were assumed to be representative of the Cambodian adult population. Diabetes is a lifelong disease (Remission = 0).…”

Section: General Assumptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimated effects of white rice consumption and rice variety selection on incidence of type 2 diabetes in Cambodia

Sar

Marks²

2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Arsenic in Hydro-geo-biospheres of the Mekong River Watershed: Implications for Human Health

Zheng,

Xu,

Liu

et al. 2024

Water Resources in the Lancang-Mekong River Basin: Impact of Climate Change and Human Interventions

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This chapter assesses human health risks of inorganic arsenic (As) from drinking well water and consumption of rice irrigated by high-As groundwater in the Mekong River Delta. Geogenic inorganic As (iAs) occurring at elevated levels in groundwater has been detected in more than 70 countries. Among mostly rural residents relying on groundwater for drinking, this exposure has resulted in negative health consequences including visible skin lesions, multiple internal organ cancers, numerous invisible non-cancer health effects such as cardiovascular diseases, and premature deaths. In the Mekong River Delta (MRD, defined by elevation <10 m above sea level in this book), As issues in groundwater have been documented as early as 1999 in Cambodia, with literature reporting its occurrence in Vietnam since 2005. Since the early 2000s, efforts have been made to test for As in about 100,000 wells from Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand. Here, a combined dataset with a total of 94,768 unique As tests was analyzed to illustrate the spatial patterns and to assess the health risks of drinking well water As in Cambodia and in southern Vietnam. Although knowledge is far more limited, an attempt was also made to examine the potential health risks associated with iAs exposure from rice, a major staple for the MRD. Here, irrigation using highly As enriched groundwater for rice cultivation has expanded this environmental health problem from the hydrosphere (water) to the geosphere (soil) and, in turn, the biosphere (rice, and ultimately humans). Of 41,928 tests in Cambodia, 35.8% exceeded 10 μg/L, the WHO guideline value for drinking water As, while 21.5% exceeded 50 μg/L, the Cambodian drinking water standard. Of 52,858 tests in Vietnam, the exceedance rate for 10 μg/L, which is also the Vietnamese drinking water standard, is 10.0%. High As wells, regardless of whether it is relative to 10 or 50 μg/L, are located in proximity to the main course of the Mekong-Bassac Rivers, especially within a 5 km distance. The vast majority (>98%) of high-As wells are located in low-lying areas, i.e. <25 m elevation in Cambodia and <10 m elevation in Vietnam. High-As wells occur frequently at shallow depths (<70 m) across the MRD but also at deeper depths (300–500 m) in Vietnam. Due to the clustering of high As wells along the Mekong-Bassac Rivers, extreme human health tolls are identified in 11 districts of Cambodia and 3 districts of Vietnam with a population attributable fraction exceeding 0.1, meaning that >1 in every 10 adult deaths is solely due to drinking water As exposure. The annual excess deaths attributable to arsenic exposure alone is 1204 in Cambodia and 1486 in Vietnam, or 1 in every 27 adult deaths and 1 in every 78 adult deaths, respectively. In addition to uncertainties in bioavailability and toxicity of iAs in rice grains, soil and rice As data, especially rice As speciation data needed for risk assessment, are still limited in the MRD.

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Zinc localization and speciation in rice grain under variable soil zinc deficiency

et al. 2023

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Background and AimsSeverely low soil nutrient status and malnutrition or "hidden hunger" are two serious global problems. The consumption of rice constitutes approximately 20% of human caloric intake. Trace elements like zinc (Zn) is essential nutrient for rice growth, and to the populations depend on rice staples. This research examines the speciation of Zn in rice, how that speciation is impacted by soil fertility and its potential effect on malnutrition. MethodsThe composition and Zn speciation of Cambodian rice grain is analyzed using synchrotron-based microprobe X-ray uorescence (µ-XRF) and extended Xray absorption ne-structure spectroscopy (EXAFS). ResultsZn levels in rice grain ranged between 15-30 mg kg -1 and were not correlated to Zn availability in soils. 72%-90% of Zn in rice grains is present as Znphytate, generally not bioavailable, while smaller quantities of Zn are bound as labile nicotianamine complexes, Zn minerals like ZnCO 3 or thiols, using EXAFS method based on coordination numbers for Zn binding to oxygen and sulfur. ConclusionZn speciation in rice grain is affected by nutrient limitation more than previously recognized. The Zn phytate concentration in rice grain was highest for rice produced in Zn-de cient soils, consistent with increased phytate production under nutrient limitation. Phytates are generally not bioavailable, so low soil Zn fertility may not only impact grain yields, but also decrease the fraction of bioavailable Zn in grain consumers. The reduced accessibility of human zinc due to low soil nutrient levels and its exacerbation of hidden hunger may require widespread global attention.

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Household Rice Choice and Consumption Behavior Across Agro-Climatic Zones of Cambodia

Cited by 13 publications

References 13 publications

Estimated effects of white rice consumption and rice variety selection on incidence of type 2 diabetes in Cambodia

Estimated effects of white rice consumption and rice variety selection on incidence of type 2 diabetes in Cambodia

Arsenic in Hydro-geo-biospheres of the Mekong River Watershed: Implications for Human Health

Zinc localization and speciation in rice grain under variable soil zinc deficiency

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