Household products

Pulce, C.; Descotes, J.

doi:10.1016/b978-044481557-6/50030-7

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…β-Adrenergic agonists have a history of being illicitly utilized as growth promoters, and human food poisonings have resulted from the consumption of meat from illegally treated animals ( − ). Clenbuterol, in particular, has been associated with illicit β-agonist use ( , ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of a Monoclonal Antibody-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Determination of Ractopamine in Incurred Samples from Food Animals

Shelver

Smith

2002

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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A monoclonal antibody-based ractopamine immunoassay has been applied to incurred samples from sheep and cattle. Results obtained by immunoassay were compared with those from high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Three sets of sample extracts containing primarily unmetabolized ractopamine were analyzed. Correlation of HPLC with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for beef liver samples gave an r(2) = 0.98 despite rather low ractopamine concentrations (range 1.1-13.4 ng/mL, n = 6). Ractopamine concentrations in cow urine samples treated by solid phase extraction, to remove ractopamine metabolites, also showed a high correlation between the HPLC and the ELISA results (r(2) = 0.95, range 1.0-275 ng/mL, n = 61). In contrast, HPLC and ELISA analyses of ractopamine in sheep urine were not well-correlated (r(2) = 0.58, range 0.85-51 ng/mL, n = 34). When ractopamine conjugates in urine samples were hydrolyzed with hydrolytic enzymes, ELISA and HPLC methods were highly correlated [r(2) = 0.94 for sheep (range 123-10 554 ppb, n = 60) and an r(2) = 0.98 for cattle (range 14-8159 ppb, n = 62)]. Tissues contained only minute amounts of ractopamine, and after 7-day withdrawal periods, less than 1 ppb of free ractopamine was detected. Ractopamine was rapidly metabolized in both cattle and sheep. The difference in ractopamine concentration of urine samples before and after hydrolysis indicated that only 1-5% of ractopamine was excreted unmetabolized. Results from this study indicate that the monoclonal antibody-based ELISA could be useful for a sensitive, quantitative, or qualitative ractopamine screening assay.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of a Monoclonal Antibody-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Determination of Ractopamine in Incurred Samples from Food Animals

Shelver

Smith

2002

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…1,2 The dangers of residues from the abuse of beta-agonists have been underscored by several human poisoning incidences where the consumption of animal food products containing clenbuterol residues has been implicated. 3,4 Literature data indicate that the liver is, among all the edible tissues, the most suitable target organ for monitoring the use of beta-agonists, because it contains the highest concentration throughout the withdrawal period. [5][6][7][8] A maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.5 mg kg 21 for clenbuterol in the liver of cattle and horses is proposed by law.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

LC-MS-MS to detect and identify four beta-agonists and quantify clenbuterol in liver†

Wasch

Brabander²,

Courtheyn³

1998

Analyst

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European legislation forbids the use of beta-agonists as growth-promoting substances in cattle raised for human consumption. However, the use of beta-agonists is allowed as a therapeutic treatment of tocolysis for female cattle during calving and of respiratory diseases and tocolysis for horses not raised for human consumption. A maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.5 microgram kg-1 for clenbuterol in the liver of cattle and horses is proposed by law. Residues of beta-agonists in liver are identified with LC-MS-MS. Using ion trap technology, it was possible to identify each analyte without the need to resolve completely the chromatographic peaks. For each analyte, specific fragment ion spectra were obtained. The coeluting or incompletely resolved peaks were separated mass spectrometrically. For tulobuterol, bromobuterol and mabuterol, qualitative information was obtained. All beta-agonists could be detected up to a concentration of 0.1 microgram kg-1. For clenbuterol, a limited quantitative validation was performed. A working range was defined for which the method was applicable. Quantification was based on the integration of the response of the analytes in spiked blank liver samples. The mean recovery was 15%. The relative standard deviation (RSD) values at different concentrations were below the maximum allowed RSD. The limit of detection of clenbuterol was 0.11 microgram kg-1. The limit of quantification was 0.21 microgram kg-1. It was possible to quantify clenbuterol below one-half of the MRL. The advantage of this method is the ease of use of the mass spectrometric separation to qualify and quantify the presence of four beta-agonists in liver.

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“…Some of the hormones used for growth promotion in livestock farming are known to be related to cancer in animals and humans 2,. 3 Because residues of these substances may be dangerous to consumers,4,, 5 and may also affect the quality of foodstuffs of animal origin, the use of all substances having a hormonal action for fattening purposes has been banned in the European Union (EU) since 1988 6. Occasional findings on farms of syringes, bottles, cocktails, etc., yield important information about the nature of current abuse of anabolic steroids and veterinary drugs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening for anabolic steroids and related compounds in illegal cocktails by liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry with accurate mass measurement

Nielen

Vissers²,

Fuchs³

et al. 2001

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Findings of illegal hormone preparations such as syringes, bottles, cocktails, and so on, are an important information source for the nature of the current abuse of anabolic steroids and related compounds as growth-promoting agents in cattle. A new screening method for steroids in cocktails is presented based on liquid chromatography (LC) with diode-array UV-absorbance detection and electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-TOFMS). Accurate mass measurements were performed at a mass resolution of 4000 using continuous introduction of a lock mass through a second (electro)sprayer. Similar experiments were carried out using dual-sprayer quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (ESI-QTOFMS/MS) at a mass resolution of 10 000 with data-dependent MS/MS acquisition; i.e. beyond an intensity threshold for the [M + H](+) ions, MS/MS spectra were automatically acquired at three different collision energies. Elemental compositions were calculated for precursor and product ions and it is shown that the combined information from LC retention behavior, UV spectra, elemental compositions, and accurate mass MS/MS spectra yield a fast impression of the steroids present in the complex mixture. Using a new software tool for structure elucidation of MS/MS spectra, an additional non-steroidal additive was identified as well.

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Household products

Cited by 13 publications

References 28 publications

Application of a Monoclonal Antibody-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Determination of Ractopamine in Incurred Samples from Food Animals

Application of a Monoclonal Antibody-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Determination of Ractopamine in Incurred Samples from Food Animals

LC-MS-MS to detect and identify four beta-agonists and quantify clenbuterol in liver†

Screening for anabolic steroids and related compounds in illegal cocktails by liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry with accurate mass measurement

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