Household Debt and Relation to Intimate Partner Violence and Husbands' Attitudes toward Gender Norms: A Study among Young Married Couples in Rural Maharashtra, India

Reed, Elizabeth; Donta, Balaiah; Dasgupta, Anindita; Ghule, Mohan; Battala, Madhusudana; Nair, Saritha; Silverman, Jay G.; Jadhav, Arun Bhargav; Palaye, Prajakta; Saggurti, Niranjan; Raj, Anita

doi:10.1177/003335491513000616

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Our findings indicated that money worries and food insufficiency created tension that resulted in conflict and IPV. The association between economic stressors and IPV have been demonstrated in previous work, and thus, are well-aligned with our findings [ 18 , 23 , 24 ]. One study conducted among couples in India found that debt was associated with increased IPV perpetration by male partners [ 18 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…One other major factor attributed to the increase in IPV during the COVID-19 pandemic has included economic stress due to disruption of income and earning power, resulting in reduced access to basic necessities and services [ 8 , 14 ]. Previous research has documented economic stressors experienced by males to be associated with increased IPV perpetration [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Home was not a safe haven: women’s experiences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria

2021

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Background Emergency situations, including epidemics, increase incidence of violence against women, especially intimate partner violence (IPV). This paper describes specific scenarios of IPV reported by women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria to provide insight for policy and programmatic efforts. Methods This paper draws on seven de-identified case reports from organisations serving women experiencing IPV as well as media coverage of IPV cases in Nigeria, between April and May, 2020. Results In most cases, reports identified IPV that was occurring prior to the lockdown, but increased in severity or involved new types of violence during the lockdown. The case scenarios included descriptions of many forms of IPV commonly reported, including physical, economic, psychological and sexual violence, often concurrently. Several women also reported threats of being thrown out of their homes by perpetrators, which threatens women’s ability to protect themselves from exposure to COVID-19, but could also leave women stranded with no access to transportation, social services, or other resources during the lockdown. Several women also reported IPV that involved custody of children, as well as IPV that disrupted women’s income generation. IPV was also reported in relation to economic stressors associated with the lockdown. Reports highlight how the lockdown disrupted women’s social support, hindering accessibility of formal and informal sources of help. Conclusion The lockdowns in Nigeria may have inadvertently placed women already experiencing partner violence at risk for experiencing more severe violence, new challenges to cope with violent experiences, and other forms of violence, including violence that used the lockdown as a way to threaten women’s security and ability to protect themselves from the virus. Hence, there is need for innovative approaches to support victims, with emphasis on ways in which perpetrators of IPV may be using the threat of COVID-19 to further gain power and control over partners.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Home was not a safe haven: women’s experiences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria

2021

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“…Money worries and food insu ciency created tension that resulted in con ict and IPV. The association between economic stressors and IPV have been demonstrated in previous work, and thus, are well-aligned with our ndings [18,21,22]. At times of economic austerity and emotional crisis, there may be an elevation in harmful alcohol consumption for IPV perpetrators; with those in remission relapsing and some potentially developing a new alcohol use disorder [13,23,24].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Home was not a Safe Haven: Women’s Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Nigeria

Fawole

Okedare

Reed

2020

Preprint

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Background: Emergency situations, including epidemics, increase incidence of violence against women, especially intimate partner violence (IPV). This paper describes specific scenarios of IPV reported by women during the COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria to provide insight for policy and programmatic efforts. Methods: This paper draws on seven de-identified case reports from organisations serving women experiencing IPV as well as media coverage of IPV cases in Nigeria, between April and May, 2020. Result: In most cases, reports identified IPV that was occurring prior to the lockdown, but increased in severity or involved new types of violence during the lockdown. The case scenarios included descriptions of many forms of IPV commonly reported, including physical, economic, psychological and sexual violence, often concurrently. Several women also reported threats of being thrown out of their homes by perpetrators, which threatens women’s ability to protect themselves from exposure to COVID-19, but could also leave women stranded with no access to transportation, social services, or other resources during the lockdown. Several women also reported IPV that involved custody of children, as well as IPV that disrupted women’s income generation. IPV was also reported in relation to economic stressors associated with the lockdown. Reports highlight how the lockdown disrupted women’s social support, hindering accessibility of formal and informal sources of help.Conclusion: The lockdowns in Nigeria may have inadvertently placed women already experiencing partner violence at risk for experiencing more severe violence, new challenges to cope with violent experiences, and other forms of violence, including violence that used the lockdown as a way to threaten women’s security and ability to protect themselves from the virus. Hence, there is need for innovative approaches to support victims, with emphasis on ways in which perpetrators of IPV may be using the threat of COVID-19 to further gain power and control over partners.

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“…13–15, 17 Both qualitative and quantitative research from India document that household financial stressors increase women’s risk for IPV, and impoverished women are more likely than middle and higher income women to work only to alleviate these financial stressors. 15, 17, 22 Financial inclusion services, such as bank account ownership or microloan use, may hold promise for reducing risk for IPV, as indicated by the above described intervention studies, but research has not examined associations of these services with IPV in India. Financial inclusion has increased dramatically in India since 2015, when the Prime Minister’s Pradhan Mantri Jan-Dhan Yojana initiative was launched to support bank account ownership in India.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We also explore whether observed associations are affected by husbands’ gender norms, specifically gender equity ideologies and attitudes regarding the acceptability of IPV, as these are related to IPV in India. 22, 25, 26…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Longitudinal analysis of the impact of economic empowerment on risk for intimate partner violence among married women in rural Maharashtra, India

Raj

Silverman

Klugman

et al. 2018

Social Science & Medicine

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The purpose of this study was to assess via longitudinal analysis whether women's economic empowerment and financial inclusion predicts incident IPV. This prospective study involved analysis of three waves of survey data collected from rural young married women (n = 853 women) in Maharashtra at baseline and 9&18 month follow-ups. This study, which was in the field from 2012 to 2014, was conducted as part of a larger family planning evaluation study unrelated to economic empowerment. Participants were surveyed on economic empowerment, as measured by items on women's income generation and joint decision-making of husband's income, and financial inclusion, as measured by bank account ownership. Women's land ownership and participation in microloan programs were also assessed but were too rare (2-3% reporting) to be included in analyses. Longitudinal regression models assessed whether women's economic empowerment predicted incident IPV at follow-up. At Wave 1 (baseline), one in ten women reported IPV in the past six months; 23% reported income generation; 58% reported having their own money; 61% reported joint control over husband's money, and 10% reported bank ownership. Women's income generation and having their own money did not predict IPV over time. However, women maintaining joint control over their husband's income were at a 60% reduced risk for subsequent incident IPV (AOR = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.18, 0.90), and women gaining joint control over time were at a 70% reduced risk for subsequent incident IPV (AOR = 0.30; 95% CI = 0.13, 0.72), relative to women whose husbands maintained sole control over his income. Women who initiated a new bank account by Wave 3 also had a 56% reduced likelihood of reporting incident IPV in this same wave (AOR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.22, 0.93), relative to those who maintained no bank account at Waves 1 and 3. These findings suggest that women's joint control over husband's income and her financial inclusion as indicated by bank ownership appear to reduce risk for IPV, whereas her income generation or control over her own income do not. Awareness of and participation in financial inclusion services may help reduce women's risk for IPV in rural India and elsewhere.

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Household Debt and Relation to Intimate Partner Violence and Husbands' Attitudes toward Gender Norms: A Study among Young Married Couples in Rural Maharashtra, India

Abstract: Findings suggest the need for combined gender equity and economic promotion interventions to address high levels of debt and related IPV reported among married couples in rural India.

Cited by 10 publications

References 25 publications

Home was not a safe haven: women’s experiences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria

Home was not a safe haven: women’s experiences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 lockdown in Nigeria

Home was not a Safe Haven: Women’s Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Nigeria

Longitudinal analysis of the impact of economic empowerment on risk for intimate partner violence among married women in rural Maharashtra, India

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