Household air pollution from cooking and heating and its impacts on blood pressure in residents living in rural cave dwellings in Loess Plateau of China

Influence of COVID-19 lockdown overlapping Chinese Spring Festival on household PM2.5 in rural Chinese homes

“…For example, we could not estimate the PM 2.5 -associated premature deaths because it was estimated based on the whole life, not a short period ( Yun et al, 2020 ). While, some short-term effect such as asthma, blood pressure increase may be caused by the increase of PM 2.5 exposure in a relative short time considering the lockdown in rural China lasted for more than one month ( Wang et al, 2018 ; Williams et al, 2019 ; Chen et al, 2020 ).…”

“…The real-time PM 2.5 monitors were paired placed in kitchen, living room and outdoor (yard) of each recruited household. The PM 2.5 monitors used in the present study were the same with previous studies ( Qiu et al, 2019 ; Chen et al, 2020 ) and the data was recorded with a 5-second interval. Before the field campaign, all the samplers were calibrated for at least 15 days against the measurements of a particulate monitor (model 5030 synchronized hybrid ambient real-time particulate monitor, Thermo Scientific).…”

“…The daily personal exposure to PM 2.5 was calculated based on a time-weighted method ( Ott, 1982 ; Du et al, 2017 ), this method was commonly used when no directly measured personal exposure data was available ( Chen et al, 2020 ) and the equation was given below: where C i is the PM 2.5 concentration in microenvironment i (kitchen, living room, and outdoor) and T i was the corresponding time (minutes) the residents spent in microenvironment i. As the PM 2.5 in bedroom was not measured in this study, the time spent in bedroom was combined with the time spent in living room in the calculation.…”

Impacts of Chinese spring festival on household PM 2.5 pollution and blood pressure of rural residents

“…Numerous evidences had demonstrated that HAP was relevant to cardiovascular diseases. [20][21][22][23] It was well recognized that PM 2.5 exposure was associated with alterations in altered autonomic nervous system balance, vascular tone blood pressure, increased systemic oxidative stress and inflammation, and then triggering blood pressure increase. [24][25][26] Previous studies had reported that PM 2.5 exposure was correlated with blood pressure increase and could trigger hypertension in China.…”

“…[24][25][26] Previous studies had reported that PM 2.5 exposure was correlated with blood pressure increase and could trigger hypertension in China. 22,27,28 Although the negative outcome of hypertension of PM 2.5 exposure on human health was widely known, the field studies in rural homes burning solid fuels for cooking and heating were still limited, 21,22 especially in developing countries such as China where most rural residents are still suffering from severe HAP.…”