House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Monitoring Method Comparisons and Seasonal Trends in Environmentally Controlled High-Rise., Caged-Layer Poultry Houses

Stafford, Kirby C.; Collison, C. H.; Burg, J. G.

doi:10.1093/jee/81.5.1426

Cited by 10 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…Furthermore, fly populations should be monitored by a standardized, quantitative method in order to make appropriate fly control management decisions. The spot card technique (Stafford, 1988) in which white file cards are placed near the livestock houses and/or near manure heaps is the easiest monitoring technique (Hogsette et al, 1993;Jacobs et al, 1992). These spot cards (3 × 5 inches) can be fastened to support posts, ceilings or other areas where flies tend to land.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling Risks of Pathogen Transmission by Flies on Organic Pig Farms

Meerburg¹,

Vermeer²,

Kijlstra³

2007

Outlook Agric

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Fly prevention and control on animal production units is necessary to prevent the transmission of pathogens that could affect animal and human health and the maintenance of good hygiene. Organic farmers are often hesitant to apply insecticides for this purpose because of their farming philosophy. Organic production systems are relatively open as pigs generally have access to the outdoors. Here, we investigate the need for fly control and analyse various possibilities that organic farmers have to reduce the number of flies on their farms. We conclude that although biological control looks promising, more research should be done concerning its side effects. Currently, optimal monitoring and prevention seem to offer the best solution.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlling Risks of Pathogen Transmission by Flies on Organic Pig Farms

Meerburg¹,

Vermeer²,

Kijlstra³

2007

Outlook Agric

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“…A major problem in managing fly populations is monitoring to evaluate the potential for reinvasion as well as fly dispersal. Practical monitoring methods focus on the adult fly; a variety of techniques have been used, including resting counts, grid counts, sticky ribbons, baited jug traps, and spot cards (21,28,153). The baited jug traps and spot cards are the most thoroughly researched and are related to actual fly numbers; the cards provide a simple, practical method for use in the poultry industry (98)(99)(100)(101).…”

Section: Filth Fliesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology and Management of Arthropod Pests of Poultry

Axtell

Arends²

1990

Annu. Rev. Entomol.

343

177

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The worldwide spread of modern, high-density confined poultry production systems under the direction of integrators has intensified the importance of a select number of arthropod ectoparasites and habitat pests. This concentrated production of poultry provides artificial ecosystems that are sometimes ideal for the development of large populations of arthropod pests. At the same time the systems are amenable to integrated pest management involving a multipest and multimethod approach to reducing or eliminating arthropod pests. Since rodents are major pests, they should be included in an integrated pest management program to make the program most cost-effective and attractive to the integrators and producers (5). Quantitative data are scarce on economic effects, and the concept of economic thresholds is difficult to apply either to ectoparasites or to habitat pests. The risk of transporting ectoparasites among flocks is difficult to evaluate and necessitates treatment after early detection of the arthropods. Flies and litter beetles present a threat of disease transmission and the potential for lawsuits from neighbors or public health agencies that are factors not subject to easy cost estimates. The monetary losses of a flock devastated by disease or a farm forced to close are so great that the risks are unacceptable. Production losses from lowered feed conversion ratios and insulation damage are likely to be detected by the sophisticated record-keeping of the integrators. Minimal use of pesticides and other chemicals on poultry and in poultry housing is an objective of the integrators and, consequently, an integrated pest management (IPM) approach that reduces the need for pesticides is attractive. The key to further development of effective arthropod management programs for poultry is the implementation of pest and disease monitoring programs for the complete system. Improvements in arthropod sampling methods and more attention to monitoring the biosecurity systems to minimize ectoparasite dispersal are needed. The integrators have servicemen who regularly visit the production facilities and can be trained to perform monitoring functions and to instigate and supervise integrated pest management measures. With the increasing use of computers by the integrators, the prospects for utilizing the monitoring data in predictive computer simulation models for pest management decision-making justify more efforts to develop such tools (64, 102, 168). Future poultry pest management programs must be based on sound data, which presently is too limited, and must be flexible enough to adjust rapidly to evolving pest problems in rapidly changing production systems.

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“…Studies have been conducted to evaluate the relative utility and efÞciency of different ßy sampling methods (Axtell 1970;Beck and Turner 1985;Lysyk andAxtell 1985, 1986;Stafford et al 1988;Geden et al 1992), but little is known about why ßies tend to be more abundant in one location than in another. Stafford et al (1988) reported substantially higher visual counts of ßies resting on posts than on walls in high-rise poultry houses in Pennsylvania, and Burg and Axtell (1984) found that baited jug traps tended to catch more ßies when positioned close to the manure surface. In opensided California-style poultry houses, spot cards attached to feed troughs were more sensitive to house ßy population changes than cards attached to building rafters (Lysyk and Axtell 1985), and UV light traps, like the baited jug traps, captured more ßies when hung just above the manure surface (Driggers 1971).…”

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confidence: 99%