House dust mite allergy: environment evaluation and disease prevention

Abstract

There are two groups of dust mites, house dust mites (HDMs) and storage mites (SMs), that have been identified in the household environment. Both could induce airway inflammation through activation of innate and adaptive immunity and lead to asthma. In order to monitor environmental dust mite infestation, different methods can be used to detect their presence, such as the use of floating methods, monoclonal antibodies, and nanostructured biosensor. SM could be identified in the storage room, mainly in contaminated food such as mushrooms and corn starch. In HDM-sensitive subjects and mice that were challenged with HDM or SM after sensitization, these mites could up-regulate IgE levels, T helper 2 associated cytokine production and airway hypersensitivity. Different age groups of subjects were sensitized by different species of mites. More subjects above 70 years were sensitized by SM and more subjects below the age of 40 years were sensitized to HDM. Different allergenic components of dust mite extracts, such as Der p 1, Der p 2, could activate innate immunity through activating pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and then lead to allergic inflammation. The best modality to treat HDM allergy is immunomodulation through Treg cells and IgA production. In the recent years, many studies indicated probiotics could increase IgA secretion and the number of Treg cells. However, some studies conducted in adults have contradictory effects in reducing allergic symptoms. Therefore, probiotics confer inconclusive benefits on the allergic symptoms.

The Prevalence and Characteristics of Allergy in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases

“…IL-33 serum levels increase significantly and correlate positively with thyroid hormone levels in Graves' disease in comparison with Hashimoto's thyroiditis and controls [25]. In house dust mite allergy, the airway inflammation was induced by Treg cells and IgA production,which immune responses could be attenuated by probiotics [26]. goitrogenic activity inhibiting iodine uptake via decreasing its organification [30].…”

Allergen Control in Asthma

“…Dust mites are the first discovered indoor allergens. Two of the most common house dust mites are Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp), and Dermatophagoides farinae [27,30,31]. High levels of mites might be found in from the dust of mattresses, pillows, carpets, upholstered furniture, bed covers, clothes, and soft toys.…”

“…Dust mites exposure is a risk factor for sensitization, and a trigger for asthma attacks [8,16,28,32]. Asthma development, severity, and morbidity are strongly linked with dust mite allergy [15,24,31].…”

“…Furthermore, it has also been stated in this study that the removal of pets from the house has led to a reduce in the doses of inhaled corticosteroids and in the frequency of follow-up visits. Alternatively, air cleaners and pet washing are other measures when the pets are not removed from the house [31]. Washing cats is aneffective short time intervention.…”

Generation and purification of monoclonal antibodies against Der f 2, a major allergen from <i>Dermatophagoides farinae </i>

“…Therefore, it is important to monitor the amount of allergens in dust samples to evaluate the correlation between the environmental allergens and the occurrence and severity of allergic diseases (12).…”