Hotspot and accumulated hotspot analysis for assessment of groundwater quality and pollution indices using GIS in the arid region of Iran

Mohamadi, Sedigheh; Honarmand, Mehdi; Ghazanfari, Sadegh; Hassanzadeh, Reza

doi:10.1007/s11356-023-27177-w

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 45 publications

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“…Getis and Ord (1992) referred to this clustering as a concentration of weighted points (in our case, violations) within a radius of distance d around an origin. Other researchers in the water and groundwater quality field have used the Getis-Ord statistic for hot-spot analysis of drinking water violations in the United States (Allaire et al, 2018), of poor ambient water quality from metal contamination, (Neville et al, 2022) of groundwater quality in an aquifer (Mohamadi et al, 2023), and water quality of the South Platte Watershed (Schliemann et al, 2021). The statistic measures whether some focal state i stands out from the surrounding states j given the sum of violations in those states compared to the total number of violations in the country.…”

Section: Hot-spot Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying water effluent violations and enforcement impacts using causal AI

Wang,

Sobien,

Kulkarni

et al. 2024

Policy & Internet

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In the landscape of environmental governance, controlling water pollution through the regulation of point sources is vital as it preserves ecosystems, protects human health, ensures legal compliance, and fulfills global environmental responsibilities. Under the Clean Water Act, the integrated compliance information system monitors the compliance and enforcement status of facilities regulated by the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit program. This study assesses temporal and geographic trends for effluent violations within the United States and introduces a novel metric for quantifying violation trends at the facility level. Furthermore, we utilize a linear parametric approach for Conditional Average Treatment Effect (CATE) causal analysis to quantify the heterogeneous effects of EPA and state enforcement actions on effluent violation trends at facilities with NPDES permits. Our research reveals insights into national pollutant discharge trends, regional clustering of all pollutant violation types in Ohio ( Z‐score of 2.15), and priority pollutants in West Virginia ( Z‐score of 3.07). The trend metric identifies regulated facilities that struggle with severe and recurring violations. The causal model highlights variations in state compliance and enforcement effectiveness, underscoring the successful moderation of violation trends by states such as Montana and Maryland, among others.

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