Hot‐tool and vibration welding of poly(vinyl chloride)

Stokes, Vijay K.

doi:10.1002/vnl.10245

Cited by 12 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…For neat polymers, under optimal weld processing conditions, the vibration welds develop strengths that are equivalent to that of the bulk (unwelded, as‐molded) polymer. Data on strength entitlements of vibration butt welds are available for PC [41], poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) [47], poly(etherimide) (PEI) [47], modified poly(phenylene oxide) (PPO) [47], polypropylene (PP) [48, 49], polyamides (PA) [13, 50], poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) [51], PMMA [52], and acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) [53–55], and acrylonitrile‐styrene‐acrylate (ASA) [55]. In case of welds involving dissimilar polymers, the weld strengths are governed by the mutual affinity of the two polymers [20]; if the two polymers are not compatible, the weld factors can be substantially lower than 1.0, relative to the less stronger polymer; for example, polymer pairs such as PMMA–PBT [52], ABS–PPO [53], ABS–PEI [53], PPO–PC [55], PPO–PPO/PA (blend of PPO and PA) [55], and PPO/PA–PC [55], develop vibration weld strengths that are significantly lower than the strength of the weaker polymer (refer to the ).…”

Section: Microstructure and Performance Of Vibration Weldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoplastic vibration welding: Review of process phenomenology and processing–structure–property interrelationships

Patham

Foss

2010

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Vibration welding offers a robust method for physically joining thermoplastics to fabricate complex hollow assemblies from simpler injection‐molded articles without using an external heat source, adhesives, or mechanical fasteners. Vibration welding involves a complex interplay of several phenomena—solid (Coulomb) friction, melting, high strain‐rate, pressure‐driven, strong (high‐strain) melt flows, solidification, and microstructure development—which ultimately govern the strength and integrity of the weld. Defects in the weld region may lead to catastrophic failure of the welded assembly. In this article, the current understanding of the processing–structure–property relationships in the context of vibration welding of thermoplastics and polymer‐matrix composites is reviewed. Experimental as well as analytical methods of investigation of the vibration welding process phenomenology are presented. The interrelationships between the microstructure in the weld region and the resulting weld strength and fatigue behavior are then discussed in the light of this phenomenological information for neat polymers, filled polymers, polymer blends, and foams. This review is also aimed at identifying the areas requiring further investigation with regard to understanding vibration welding phenomenology and weld structure–property relationships. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2010 Society of Plastics Engineers

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Section: Microstructure and Performance Of Vibration Weldsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermoplastic vibration welding: Review of process phenomenology and processing–structure–property interrelationships

Patham

Foss

2010

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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“…Oliveira et al [51,52] investigated hot plate welded PP filled with 20 and 30% talc, the latter flame retarded grade, and reported that the maximum weld factors were 0.50 and 0.45, respectively. Stokes [53] assessed weldability of two grades of PVC, having tensile strengths of 57.7 MPa and 63.2 MPa, through hot plate and vibration welding, and reported that their weld factors for both welding methods were about 0.85 and 0.97 with corresponding failure strains of about 2.5% and 3.3%. He also reported [54] a weld factor for induction welded PP as high as 0.55.…”

Section: Mechanical Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This may be due to the presence of partially burned PVC which formed during welding. Stokes [53] observed that molten surfaces of PVC could be oxidized during hot plate welding when these surfaces were exposed to air.…”

Section: Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of welding procedures on mechanical and morphological properties of hot gas butt welded PE, PP, and PVC sheets

Balkan

Demirer

Yıldırım

2008

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Mechanical and morphological properties of hot gas butt welds on polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) sheets for four different procedures, which are single and double V-welds with and without a welding shoe, were investigated. Besides, weldabilities of base materials were evaluated by rheological measurements. These revealed that weldabilities of PE and PP sheets were better than that of PVC. Welding energy (E w ), which is transferred onto weld surfaces, was calculated to evaluate weld quality. The results of tensile, impact, and bending tests indicated that the weld strengths of PVC sheets were lower than those of PE and PP sheets. When the welding shoe was used, weld strength increased significantly for each material because of the presence of sufficient welding pressure and the effective heating on surfaces. The best results were attained for the double V-welds with the welding shoe. Morphology of welded regions was evaluated by polarized light, stereo, and scanning electron microscopy. Polarized light microscopy studies indicated that the heat-affected zone (HAZ) consisted of welding rod core, molten zone, and deformed spherulitic zone, and the welding interface was indistinguishable from the base material when the welding pressure was enough. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 48:732-746, FIG. 3. Geometries of weld grooves (y-z plane). (a) Single V-weld groove. (b) Double V-weld groove. FIG. 4. A cross-sectional view of the welding jig. a The values of welding speed (S w ) were measured on one of the two seams. The true welding speed values of double V-welds (X-welds), which are shown in parentheses, are half because a double V-weld comprises two seams. b The values of welding energy (E w ) were calculated using the true welding speeds of corresponding double V-welds. FIG. 9. Stress-strain (r-e) curves for base and welded PE, PP, and PVC sheets with various welding procedures.

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“…Results from experiments by V. Stokes show that PVC welds created above 2188C achieve strength in excess of 90% of the parent material tensile strength. This same work finds a slight decrease in weld strength at temperatures above 2888C [9]. This decline quite likely is due to material decomposition during the long heating time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Relating PVC weld temperature and weld strength has received attention in hotplate welding research. The heating time during hot plate welding is typically between 10 and 20 s [9], approximately one or two orders of magnitude greater than in LTW. In hot plate welding, the temperature of the material can be carefully controlled, thus making the results valuable for knowledge in the LTW field, where the material temperature is difficult to verify.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hot pin welding of thin poly(vinyl chloride) sheet

Ven

Erdman

2007

Vinyl Additive Technology

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This paper develops a method of welding two thin sheets of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with a heated pin, thus allowing construction of a relationship between the weld temperature and weld strength. Constructing a relationship between weld strength and temperature is necessary for modeling many welding processes, including laser transmission welding. An experimental approach to establishing this relationship is required because of the complex melting behavior of PVC. The designed experimental device uses a single heated pin to weld samples by using varying pressure and temperature for one second dwell time. An electro‐mechanical loadframe pulled the welded samples until joint failure occurred, thereby allowing determination of the weld strength. An experiment varying welding pin temperature and joining pressure found the temperature to be a highly significant determiner of weld strength, while the pressure was found to be not significant. A transient numerical heat transfer model was used to calculate the weld interface temperature for each pin temperature. The relationship established in this paper can be used to predict the weld strength from the temperature output from models of alternative welding methods. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 13:110–115, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.

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Hot‐tool and vibration welding of poly(vinyl chloride)

Cited by 12 publications

References 42 publications

Thermoplastic vibration welding: Review of process phenomenology and processing–structure–property interrelationships

Thermoplastic vibration welding: Review of process phenomenology and processing–structure–property interrelationships

Effects of welding procedures on mechanical and morphological properties of hot gas butt welded PE, PP, and PVC sheets

Hot pin welding of thin poly(vinyl chloride) sheet

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