Hot Spots Across the Metropolis: Evaluating Hot Spots Directed Patrol at City and Suburban Locations

Schaefer, Brian P.; Hughes, Thomas W.; Stelzig, W. Cameron

doi:10.1080/07418825.2019.1616804

Cited by 7 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 56 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…For example, Mitchell (2017) arguing that more frequent visits deter more crime than longer ones do. To date, only few studies addressed compliance issues and controlled for actual deployed police presence, in length or frequency (Ariel et al, 2016;Collazos et al, 2020;Schaefer et al, 2019;Williams & Coupe, 2017). For example, Ariel et al (2016) reported compliance rates of 53% for 15-minute patrols, while Williams & Coupe (2017) reported compliance rates of about 67% 2 .…”

Section: Concentration Of Crimementioning

confidence: 99%

How Concentrated are Police on Crime? A Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Concentration of Police Presence and Crime

Dau¹,

Vandeviver²,

Dewinter³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose Police patrol has undergone an evidence-based and data driven transition in the beginning of the 21st century. While crime patterns are well researched, patterns of police presence are not. Despite the abundance of available GPS data, little is known about the spatiotemporal patterns of police forces. Given the paucity of evidence on where everyday policing takes place, we ask: what spatiotemporal patterns of police exist, how do these patterns change over time, and how do these correspond to local crime patterns? Methods Therefore, we analysed more than 77 million GPS signals from 130 police patrol cars and more than 50,000 recorded crimes from 2019.to investigate where and when police patrols are present. All data were geocoded and map matched using high performance computing.Results We found that police, much like crime, concentrates on a small proportion of street segments and that the spatial concentration experiences temporal instability at the micro level. Further, spatiotemporal police presence and its concentration appear to be unrelated to local levels of crime and crime concentration. Conclusions These findings inform police chiefs and researchers alike and enable alterations of patrol deployment in order to refine the spatiotemporal focus of police on local crime. Future considerations are required to research optimal spatiotemporal alignment of police presence to effectively prevent crime.

show abstract

Section: Concentration Of Crimementioning

confidence: 99%

How Concentrated are Police on Crime? A Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Concentration of Police Presence and Crime

Dau¹,

Vandeviver²,

Dewinter³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Myriad approaches and technologies exist to measure police presence: staffing schedules (e.g., Kelling et al 1974, Fritsch et al 1999, Andresen and Lau 2014, Ariel et al 2019, officer radio data (e.g., Kelling et al 1981, Santos 2013, Rosenfeld et al 2014, Schaefer et al 2019 or GPS data (e.g., Ariel et al 2016, Mitchell 2017, Williams and Coupe 2017, Davies and Bowers 2019. In controlled experimental trials, police presence can be set as an experimental condition and measuring might not be necessary, i.e., when a stationary police car is placed in the test area.…”

Section: Tracking and Analysing Police Presencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The level of police can be determined by measuring the number of officers per shift (see, Thaler 1977, Esbensen and Taylor 1984, Bowers and Hirsch 1987, Fitterer et al 2017, the shift length of officers in the target areas (e.g., Armour 1986, Weisburd et al 2011, Sorg et al 2013 or by the number of minutes spent or visits conducted by police forces (e.g., Ariel et al 2016, Ariel et al 2019, Schaefer et al 2019, Barnes et al 2020. The level of police presence is dependent on tracking precision.…”

Section: Tracking and Analysing Police Presencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, the remaining 61% of officer time is spent travelling between destinations or back to police stations. Although patrol and response are mostly carried out with police vehicles, this proportion presumably will be lower in rural jurisdictions with larger distances between destinations (Schaefer et al 2019).…”

Section: Police En Routementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, this distinction allows to adjust findings by the number of police officers or vehicles present and addresses a prevalent problem within police research. Many studies did not mention the size of the police units nor gave detailed descriptions of other characteristics(Mehay 1979, Stephensen 2017, Davies and Bowers 2019, Hutt 2020 Schaefer et al (2019). andCollazos et al (2020) reported on initiated measures to enhance officer compliance Williams & Coupe (2017).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Policing Directions: A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Quantitative Police Presence

Dau¹,

Vandeviver²,

Dewinter³

et al. 2021

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This systematic review assesses the efficacy of quantitative police presence. The review also investigates concepts of police presence and differences between reported effects. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and protocols are used to systematically identify and review eligible studies on police presence. Further, quality assessment and findings synthesis are used to map limitations of current research as well as grounds for future avenues. The systematic search strategies yielded 49 studies focusing on testing the effects of police presence or evaluating its measurement. We find evidence that police presence has mostly positive effects on reducing crimes related to motor theft, property, violence, and guns. Police presence also reduces calls for service and improves traffic behaviour. Police presence focused on specific areas, times, and types of crime achieves maximum efficacy. The reviewed studies show a high degree of heterogeneity in reporting, which limits comparability of findings across studies. Research on police presence presents evidence for crime preventative effects of focused police actions. Police forces can be focused on certain areas, times, and types of crimes. We encourage future research to focus on police presence en route and its effects, including crime prevention, traffic regulation, and fear of crime.

show abstract

Policing Directions: a Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Police Presence

Dau

Vandeviver

Dewinter

et al. 2021

Eur J Crim Policy Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We systematically review the effectiveness of police presence. In doing so, we investigate concepts of police presence and differences between reported effects. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and protocols, we systematically identify and review eligible studies on police presence. Further, quality assessment and findings synthesis are used to map limitations of current research as well as grounds for future avenues. The systematic search strategies yielded 49 studies focusing on testing the effects of police presence or evaluating its measurement. We find evidence that police presence has mostly crime reduction effects on crimes related to motor theft, property, violence and guns. Police presence also reduces calls for service and improves traffic behaviour. Police presence focused on specific areas, times and types of crime achieves maximum effectiveness. The reviewed studies show a high degree of heterogeneity in reporting which limits comparability of findings across studies. Research on police presence presents evidence for significant crime preventative effects of focused police actions and shows strongest effects when focused on certain areas, times, or types of crimes. We encourage future research to focus on police presence en route and its effects, including crime prevention, traffic regulation and fear of crime.

show abstract

Hot Spots Across the Metropolis: Evaluating Hot Spots Directed Patrol at City and Suburban Locations

Cited by 7 publications

References 56 publications

How Concentrated are Police on Crime? A Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Concentration of Police Presence and Crime

How Concentrated are Police on Crime? A Spatiotemporal Analysis of the Concentration of Police Presence and Crime

Policing Directions: A Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Quantitative Police Presence

Policing Directions: a Systematic Review on the Effectiveness of Police Presence

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About