“…Alongside supervised classification, unsupervised classification, and vegetation indices especially NDVI (as a single index or part of a composite index) were extensively used for forest degradation (Reddy et al, 2016;Sharma et al, 2022), monitoring assessment (Islam et al, 2019;Awty-Carroll., 2019) and ecosystem health assessment (Ishtiaque et al, 2016). In addition, the application of machine learning to analyze satellite data was also observed in several studies to study forest cover mapping and change detection (Redowan et al, 2020;Hussain and Islam, 2020) and forest degradation (Hasan et al, 2021;Rahaman et al, 2022). The algorithms used in those studies include CLASlite (Redowan et al, 2020), Stochastic Gradient Boosting (SGB), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) for leaf carbon ratio analysis (Rahman et al, 2020); Maximum likelihood classification (MLC), support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF) and artificial neural network (ANN) to assess vegetation degradation (Rahaman et al, 2022); Random Forest (RF) for forest degradation mapping (Hasan et al, 2021).…”