“…Insulating polymer material surrounds the carbon black particles and enables electrons to be transported through the thin composite layer with very low IR-loss, and finally hot electrons to be emitted at the electrode/solution interface. The main advantage of these novel electrodes over traditional insulating thin-film covered electrodes is their insensitivity to composite layer thickness and composition of the film [9,15,21,22]. Compared to thin insulating film-coated electrode materials, such as aluminum or silicon, composite electrodes are found to have a more stable and reproducible HECL output in a wider pH range, and most importantly, without considerable background emission [15,23,24].…”