Hot cracking in duplex stainless steel weldments — a review

Westin, Elin M.

doi:10.1007/s40194-022-01310-8

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 59 publications

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“…Nevertheless, current review articles mainly emphasize the production processes, such as hot working, machinability and weldments [9][10][11][12][13][14] . Only a few reviews have discussed the service processes of duplex stainless steel.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on pitting corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking on duplex stainless steel

Liu¹,

Du²,

Wang³

et al. 2023

Microstructures

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Duplex stainless steel is widely used in the petrochemical, maritime, and food industries. However, duplex stainless steel has the problem of corrosion failures during use. This topic has not been comprehensively and academically reviewed. These factors motivate the authors to review the developments in the corrosion research of duplex stainless steel. The review found that the primary reasons for the failure of duplex stainless steels are pitting corrosion and chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking. After being submerged in water, the evolution of the passive film on the duplex stainless steel can be loosely classified into three stages: nucleation, rapid growth, and stable growth stages. Instead of dramatic rupture, the passive film rupture process is a continuous metal oxidation process. Environmental factors scarcely affect the double-layer structure of the passive film, but they affect the film's overall thickness, oxide ratio, and defect concentration. The six mechanisms of alloying elements on pitting corrosion are summarized as stabilization, ineffective, soluble precipitates, soluble inclusions, insoluble inclusions, and wrapping mechanisms. In environments containing chlorides, ferrite undergoes pitting corrosion more easily than austenite. However, the pitting corrosion resistance reverses when sufficiently large deformation is used. The mechanisms of pitting corrosion induced by precipitates include the Cr-depletion, microgalvanic, and high-stress field theories. Chloride-induced cracks always initiate in the corrosion pits and blunt when encountering austenite. Phase boundaries are both strong hydrogen traps and rapid hydrogen diffusion pathways during hydrogen-induced stress cracking.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on pitting corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking on duplex stainless steel

Liu¹,

Du²,

Wang³

et al. 2023

Microstructures

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“…The welding of elements from this group of high-alloy steels with a complex structure requires meeting certain procedural conditions that reduce the risk to their weldability. The basic problems of weldability of duplex steels include the risk of loss of mechanical and corrosion properties resulting from the increase in the volume fraction of ferrite due to the impact of short welding thermal cycles and the tendency to form cold cracks (and other manifestations of hydrogen embrittlement) and hot cracks as well as precipitations of intermetallic phases, e.g., the sigma (σ) phase [2,3,5,6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Kinetics of Intermetallic Phase Precipitation in Manual Metal Arc Welded Duplex Stainless Steels

Orłowska,

Pańcikiewicz,

Świerczyńska

et al. 2023

Materials

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The article presents the influence of heat treatment on the kinetics of transformations in lean duplex LDX2101 steel and a weld made of standard duplex 2209 material, which was welded by manual metal arc welding. Changes in the microstructure, hardness, and magnetic phase content were analyzed after heat treatment was conducted at a temperature of 800 °C for a period ranging from 15 to 1440 min. Light and scanning microscopy, Vickers hardness measurements, and magnetic phase content measurements using a ferritoscope were used for the research. In the LDX2101 steel, the presence of δ-ferrite and γ austenite was identified and additional Cr2N nitrides were observed in the heat-affected zone. After heat treatment, the decomposition of δ ferrite into γ2 austenite and Cr2N nitrides was observed in both areas. In the case of weld made by the coated electrode in 2209 grade, a ferritic–austenitic microstructure with allotriomorphic austenite (γA), Widmanstätten austenite (γW), and idiomorphic austenite (γI) and δ-ferrite area with “bee swarms” of fine precipitations of chromium nitrides Cr2N and non-metallic inclusions (NMIs) of slag, formed during the welding process, are observed in the as-welded state. After heat treatment, the presence of the χ phase (after 15 min of annealing) and the σ phase (after 120 min of annealing) was additionally identified. The kinetics of intermetallic phase evolution in welds made from 2209 material were presented. The obtained results of hardness measurements and metallographic tests were correlated, which allowed for a quick check of the precipitation processes on the used element.

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“…The Sigma phase is a deleterious phase that can be formed in duplex stainless steel during welding processes, leading to a decrease in mechanical properties and corrosion resistance [5]. Westin Elin [6] found that the risk for hot cracking will increases as the duplex alloys are widely used in applications where heavy-wall material is welded under highly restrained conditions. Ways to detect and inspect cracks are discussed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fracture Analysis of Butt Joint Girth Weld of Pipe and Flange

Liu

et al. 2022

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Duplex stainless steel has been widely applied to industry. In this paper, nondestructive testing, chemical composition analysis, metallographic analysis, hardness test, and scanning electron microscope were used to study the causes of the crack in the butt joint girth weld of pipe and flange. Both steel pipe and flange are duplex stainless steel S31803. Through analysis, it was judged that the crack was a crystalline crack, generated in the welding process, which was related to the welding process and the control of the welding installation gap between the steel pipe and the flange with unequal wall thickness.

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Hot cracking in duplex stainless steel weldments — a review

Cited by 12 publications

References 59 publications

A review on pitting corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking on duplex stainless steel

A review on pitting corrosion and environmentally assisted cracking on duplex stainless steel

Kinetics of Intermetallic Phase Precipitation in Manual Metal Arc Welded Duplex Stainless Steels

Fracture Analysis of Butt Joint Girth Weld of Pipe and Flange

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