“…Wheat is a crucial cereal crop in the Triticum genus, and it serves as a dietary staple for nearly 40% of the world's population (Iqbal et al, 2022). Despite being the second most crucial staple after rice (Singh et al, 2016;Özdemir, 2022), Fusarium infections in wheat present a global challenge, causing reduced yield, compromised quality, and the accumulation of harmful mycotoxins (Bota et al, 2021;Riaz Ejaz et al, 2023). Fusarium culmorum, a soil-borne fungus (Antalová et al, 2020), is a primary wheat pathogen, with Fusarium root rot, Fusarium crown rot, and Fusarium head blight (FHB) being particularly threatening due to mycotoxin contamination (Bottalico and Perrone, 2002;Scherm et al, 2013;Antalová et al, 2020).…”