Host resistance influences patterns of experimental viral adaptation and virulence evolution

Kubinak, Jason L.; Potts, Wayne K.

doi:10.4161/viru.24724

Cited by 22 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…A very general finding from serial passage experiments in a wide range of host-parasite systems, including Plasmodium chabaudi in lab mice, is that pathogens become more virulent to the serial passage host (Ebert 1998;Mackinnon and Read 2004a;Barclay et al 2012;Kubinak et al 2012;Kubinak and Potts 2013;Spence et al 2013). These patterns are assumed to be a consequence of pathogen adaptation to the serial passage host, since serial passage selects for higher pathogen densities at the time of transfer.…”

Section: The Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Effect of Immunodeficiency on the Evolution of Virulence: An Experimental Test with the Rodent MalariaPlasmodium chabaudi

Barclay

Kennedy

Weaver

et al. 2014

The American Naturalist

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Host immunity plays an important role in the evolution of pathogen virulence and disease emergence. There is increasing theoretical and empirical evidence that enhanced immunity through vaccination may have the unfortunate side effect of selecting for more virulent parasites, but the effect of host immune suppression on pathogen evolution is less clear. Here, we use serial passage experiments in mice to test how immune-suppressed hosts may alter pathogen virulence evolution. We passaged Plasmodium chabaudi through CD4(+) T cell-depleted or control mice every 7 days for 20 weeks and then measured virulence differences during infection of immunologically normal mice. We found that those parasites that had been selected through CD4(+) T cell-depleted mice were more virulent than parasites selected through control mice. Virulence increases during serial passage are believed to be caused by pathogen adaptation to the passage host. These data suggest that immune-suppressed hosts could provide a within-host environment that lowers the barrier to parasite adaptation and promotes the evolution of virulence.

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Section: The Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Effect of Immunodeficiency on the Evolution of Virulence: An Experimental Test with the Rodent MalariaPlasmodium chabaudi

Barclay

Kennedy

Weaver

et al. 2014

The American Naturalist

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“…It is often viewed as a means to an end—enhanced growth and dissemination to other hosts (57, 118). However, enterococcal infection in humans and close relatives with a long history of hygienic funerary rituals (95) is an evolutionary dead end.…”

Section: Evolution Of Enterococcal Virulence Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Friend Turned Foe: Evolution of Enterococcal Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance

Tyne

Gilmore

2014

Annu. Rev. Microbiol.

164

153

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The enterococci are an ancient genus that evolved along with the tree of life. These intrinsically rugged bacteria are highly adapted members of the intestinal consortia of a range of hosts that spans the animal kingdom. Enterococci are also leading opportunistic hospital pathogens, causing infections that are often resistant to treatment with most antibiotics. Despite the importance of enterococci as hospital pathogens, the vast majority live outside of humans, and nearly all of their evolutionary history took place before the appearance of modern humans. Because hospital infections represent evolutionary end points, traits that exacerbate human infection are unlikely to have evolved for that purpose. However, clusters of traits have converged in specific lineages that are well adapted to colonize the antibiotic-perturbed gastrointestinal tracts of patients and that thrive in the hospital environment. Here we discuss these traits in an evolutionary context, as well as how comparative genomics is providing new insights into the evolution of the enterococci.

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“…Thus, one 'same host genotype' and one 'different host genotypes' virus stock were created for each of the independent BALB/c and DBA/2J experiments. A total of six different mouse strains were used for these five-round serial-passage experiments and all have previously been shown (BALB/c, DBA/2J, 129X1/svj, A.SW, BALB.KK) [20][21][22], or are shown here (electronic supplementary material figure S2), to be susceptible to FV complex infection. Infected animals were monitored daily, with each round of infection lasting 10-12 days depending on the health status of the animal.…”

Section: (I) Five-round Serial Passage Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, resistance variability among host genotypes can significantly influence both the magnitude of an adaptive response and the degree of host specialization (i.e. magnitude of fitness trade-offs) exhibited by this pathogen [22]. These data suggest that genetic diversity among hosts may constrain the evolution of more virulent infectious diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serial infection of diverse host ( Mus ) genotypes rapidly impedes pathogen fitness and virulence

et al. 2015

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Reduced genetic variation among hosts may favour the emergence of virulent infectious diseases by enhancing pathogen replication and its associated virulence due to adaptation to a limited set of host genotypes. Here, we test this hypothesis using experimental evolution of a mouse-specific retroviral pathogen, Friend virus (FV) complex. We demonstrate rapid fitness (i.e. viral titre) and virulence increases when FV complex serially infects a series of inbred mice representing the same genotype, but not when infecting a diverse array of inbred mouse strains modelling the diversity in natural host populations. Additionally, a single infection of a different host genotype was sufficient to constrain the emergence of a high fitness/high virulence FV complex phenotype in these experiments. The potent inhibition of viral fitness and virulence was associated with an observed loss of the defective retroviral genome (spleen focus-forming virus), whose presence exacerbates infection and drives disease in susceptible mice. Results from our experiments provide an important first step in understanding how genetic variation among vertebrate hosts influences pathogen evolution and suggests that serial exposure to different genotypes within a single host species may act as a constraint on pathogen adaptation that prohibits the emergence of more virulent infections. From a practical perspective, these results have implications for low-diversity host populations such as endangered species and domestic animals.

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Host resistance influences patterns of experimental viral adaptation and virulence evolution

Cited by 22 publications

References 55 publications

The Effect of Immunodeficiency on the Evolution of Virulence: An Experimental Test with the Rodent MalariaPlasmodium chabaudi

The Effect of Immunodeficiency on the Evolution of Virulence: An Experimental Test with the Rodent MalariaPlasmodium chabaudi

Friend Turned Foe: Evolution of Enterococcal Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance

Serial infection of diverse host ( Mus ) genotypes rapidly impedes pathogen fitness and virulence

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