Host Protein Binding and Adhesive Properties of H6 and H7 Flagella of Attaching and Effacing
            <i>Escherichia coli</i>

Erdem, Ayşen L.; Avelino, Fabiola; Xicohtencatl‐Cortes, Juan; Girón, Jorge A.

doi:10.1128/jb.00464-07

Cited by 151 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…In low-shear environments, however, motility has been shown to have no effect on attachment of E. coli to glass (36). It has long been known that E. coli can adhere to surfaces via flagella (37), and somewhat more recently, several pathogenic strains have been shown to adhere to epithelial tissue using flagella-mediated adhesion (38)(39)(40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial flagella explore microscale hummocks and hollows to increase adhesion

Friedlander

Vlamakis

Kim

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

262

238

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Biofilms, surface-bound communities of microbes, are economically and medically important due to their pathogenic and obstructive properties. Among the numerous strategies to prevent bacterial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation, surface topography was recently proposed as a highly nonspecific method that does not rely on small-molecule antibacterial compounds, which promote resistance. Here, we provide a detailed investigation of how the introduction of submicrometer crevices to a surface affects attachment of Escherichia coli. These crevices reduce substrate surface area available to the cell body but increase overall surface area. We have found that, during the first 2 h, adhesion to topographic surfaces is significantly reduced compared with flat controls, but this behavior abruptly reverses to significantly increased adhesion at longer exposures. We show that this reversal coincides with bacterially induced wetting transitions and that flagellar filaments aid in adhesion to these wetted topographic surfaces. We demonstrate that flagella are able to reach into crevices, access additional surface area, and produce a dense, fibrous network. Mutants lacking flagella show comparatively reduced adhesion. By varying substrate crevice sizes, we determine the conditions under which having flagella is most advantageous for adhesion. These findings strongly indicate that, in addition to their role in swimming motility, flagella are involved in attachment and can furthermore act as structural elements, enabling bacteria to overcome unfavorable surface topographies. This work contributes insights for the future design of antifouling surfaces and for improved understanding of bacterial behavior in native, structured environments. microbial adhesion | structured surfaces | bacterial appendages | surface texture | surface wetting T he attachment of bacteria to solid surfaces is the first step in the formation of biofilms-communities of sessile microbes surrounded by a polymeric matrix (1, 2). A growing appreciation of the ubiquity and importance of biofilms in medicine and industry has led to a proliferation of antiadhesion strategies that include chemical, biological, and physical approaches (3-12). Attempts to block biofilm formation must also take into account the rapid evolution of bacteria and their ability to resist many chemical assaults (13)(14)(15)(16)(17). By preventing adhesion in a manner that is nontoxic for the bacteria as well as for the application (e.g., medical implants), there is hope that we may reduce the costs associated with biofilm formation without imposing selective pressures for the development of antibiotic resistance. Physical strategies, particularly the use of rationally designed surface topographies, have gained attention recently as highly nonspecific methods for prevention of attachment without the use of antimicrobials (6,8,11,(18)(19)(20).Understanding how bacteria interact with surfaces that have roughness on the micrometer and submicrometer length scales (i.e., comparable with th...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial flagella explore microscale hummocks and hollows to increase adhesion

Friedlander

Vlamakis

Kim

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

262

238

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“…The authors speculate that the amino acid supply is an essential signal for cellular invasion, since addition of tryptone and yeast extract to PBS (two ingredients of LB broth) results in epithelial infection by Salmonella. Furthermore, maximum production of cholera toxin by El Tor strains of Vibrio cholerae requires AKI medium, which contains tryptone and bicarbonate (Iwanaga et al, 1986), and increased amounts of flagellum production have been observed in EPEC and EHEC strains when they are grown on 1 % tryptone (pH 7.2) agar plates (Erdem et al, 2007). This tryptone-favoured secretion of Pet (where tryptone is a mixure of peptides formed by the digestion of casein by the protease trypsin) could be of relevance in exacerbating clinical manifestations in milk-drinking children infected with EAEC.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pet secretion, internalization and induction of cell death during infection of epithelial cells by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli

Betancourt-Sanchez

Navarro-Garcı́a

2009

Microbiology

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In an in vitro model using HEp-2 cells treated with purified plasmid-encoded toxin (Pet), we have identified morphological changes characterized by cell rounding and detachment after toxin internalization; these changes progress to cell death. However, these effects have not yet been shown to occur during the infection of epithelial cells by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli (EAEC). Here, we show that the secretion of Pet by EAEC is regulated at the transcriptional level, since secretion was inhibited in eukaryotic cell culture medium, although Pet was efficiently secreted in the same medium supplemented with tryptone. Inefficient secretion of Pet by EAEC in DMEM prevented cell detachment, whereas efficient Pet secretion in DMEM/tryptone increased cell detachment in a HEp-2 cell adherence assay. Interestingly, Pet toxin was efficiently delivered to epithelial cells, since it was internalized into epithelial cells infected with EAEC at similar concentrations to those obtained by using 37 mg ml "1 purified Pet protein. Additionally, Pet was not internalized when the epithelial cells were infected with a pet clone, HB101(pCEFN1), unlike the wild-type strain, which has a high adherence capability. There is a correlation between Pet secretion by EAEC, the internalization of Pet into epithelial cells, cell detachment and cell death in EAEC-infected cells. The ratio between live and dead cells decreased in cells treated with wildtype EAEC in comparison with cells treated with an isogenic mutant in the pet gene, whereas the effects were restored by complementing the mutant with the pet gene. All these data indicate that Pet is an important virulence factor in the pathogenesis of EAEC infection.

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“…Flagella are also critical virulence factors, primarily through permitting bacterial swimming motility. Flagella have also been reported to function as EHEC adhesins, promoting adherence to mucins, the major component of the mucus that lines the gastrointestinal tract (Erdem et al, 2007;Mahajan et al, 2009). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acid-stress-induced changes in enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 : H7 virulence

et al. 2009

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Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) O157 : H7 is naturally exposed to a wide variety of stresses including gastric acid shock, and yet little is known about how this stress influences virulence. This study investigated the impact of acid stress on several critical virulence properties including survival, host adhesion, Shiga toxin production, motility and induction of host-cell apoptosis. Several acid-stress protocols with relevance for gastric passage as well as external environmental exposure were included. Acute acid stress at pH 3 preceded by acid adaptation at pH 5 significantly enhanced the adhesion of surviving organisms to epithelial cells and bacterial induction of host-cell apoptosis. Motility was also significantly increased after acute acid stress. Interestingly, neither secreted nor periplasmic levels of Shiga toxin were affected by acid shock. Pretreatment of bacteria with erythromycin eliminated the acid-induced adhesion enhancement, suggesting that de novo protein synthesis was required for the enhanced adhesion of acidshocked organisms. DNA microarray was used to analyse the transcriptome of an EHEC O157 : H7 strain exposed to three different acid-stress treatments. Expression profiles of acidstressed EHEC revealed significant changes in virulence factors associated with adhesion, motility and type III secretion. These results document profound changes in the virulence properties of EHEC O157 : H7 after acid stress, provide a comprehensive genetic analysis to substantiate these changes and suggest strategies that this pathogen may use during gastric passage and colonization in the human gastrointestinal tract.

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Host Protein Binding and Adhesive Properties of H6 and H7 Flagella of Attaching and Effacing Escherichia coli

Cited by 151 publications

References 73 publications

Bacterial flagella explore microscale hummocks and hollows to increase adhesion

Bacterial flagella explore microscale hummocks and hollows to increase adhesion

Pet secretion, internalization and induction of cell death during infection of epithelial cells by enteroaggregative Escherichia coli

Acid-stress-induced changes in enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 : H7 virulence

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