Host plant colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi stimulates immune function whereas high root silicon concentrations diminish growth in a soil-dwelling herbivore

Frew, Adam; Powell, Jeff R.; Hiltpold, Ivan; Allsopp, P. G.; Sallam, Nader; Johnson, Scott N.

doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2017.05.008

Cited by 49 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…This study also contributes information to another knowledge gap in our understanding of how Si defences operate against root herbivores [9,27]. There is substantial Si deposition in the roots (see examples in [28]) and evidence for Si-based defence against root herbivores [29][30][31]. More importantly, the study illustrates that Si may also promote pest tolerance in a key crop which is one of three species (wheat, maize and rice) to provide 42% of the world's calorie intake [32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

When resistance is futile, tolerate instead: silicon promotes plant compensatory growth when attacked by above- and belowground herbivores

et al. 2019

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Plants have evolved numerous herbivore defences that are resistance- or tolerance-based. Resistance involves physical and chemical traits that deter and/or harm herbivores whereas tolerance minimizes fitness costs of herbivory, often via compensatory growth. The Poaceae frequently accumulate large amounts of silicon (Si), which can be used for herbivore resistance, including biomechanical and (indirectly) biochemical defences. To date, it is unclear whether Si improves tolerance of herbivory. Here we report how Si enabled a cereal ( Triticum aestivum ) to tolerate damage inflicted by above- and belowground herbivores. Leaf herbivory increased Si concentrations in the leaves by greater than 50% relative to herbivore-free plants, indicating it was an inducible defensive response. In plants without Si supplementation, leaf herbivory reduced shoot biomass by 52% and root herbivory reduced root biomass by 68%. Si supplementation, however, facilitated compensatory growth such that shoot losses were more than compensated for (+14% greater than herbivore-free plants) and root losses were minimized to −16%. Si supplementation did not improve plant resistance since Si did not enhance biomechanical resistance (i.e. force of fracture) or reduce leaf consumption and herbivore relative growth rates. We propose that Si-based defence operates in wheat via tolerance either in addition or as an alternative to resistance-based defence.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

When resistance is futile, tolerate instead: silicon promotes plant compensatory growth when attacked by above- and belowground herbivores

et al. 2019

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“…Silicon fertilizer application into the soil and its uptake into the root system of Brachiara brizantha and sugarcane resulted in the reduction of nymphal number of brown root stinkbug and increased nymphal mortality, as well as decreased longevity of imagos of hemipteroid spittlebug Mahanarva fimbriolata [146,171]. The presence of arbuscular mycorrhiza can increase the Si ameliorative effects during insect attack in two distinct ways: (1) by increasing the silicon acquisition by plants and improving their fitness, and (2) by priming insect immunity, due to presence of microorganisms, which costs the predator more energy and results in its growth reduction [172]. The accumulated silicon can protect even the adventitious roots in the aboveground part of plants against insect pathogen, where, for example, the root primordia on the stalk of sugarcane were less consumed after infestation by lepidopteran pyralid borer Eldana saccharina, resulting in a decrease of the borer growth rate and survival [173].…”

Section: Effects Of Silicon In Plant Roots During Biotic Stressesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicification of Root Tissues

Lee

Lukačová

Vaculík

et al. 2020

Plants

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Silicon (Si) is not considered an essential element, however, its tissue concentration can exceed that of many essential elements in several evolutionary distant plant species. Roots take up Si using Si transporters and then translocate it to aboveground organs. In some plant species, root tissues are also places where a high accumulation of Si can be found. Three basic modes of Si deposition in roots have been identified so far: (1) impregnation of endodermal cell walls (e.g., in cereals, such as Triticum (wheat)); (2) formation of Si-aggregates associated with endodermal cell walls (in the Andropogoneae family, which includes Sorghum and Saccharum (sugarcane)); (3) formation of Si aggregates in “stegmata” cells, which form a sheath around sclerenchyma fibers e.g., in some palm species (Phoenix (date palm)). In addition to these three major and most studied modes of Si deposition in roots, there are also less-known locations, such as deposits in xylem cells and intercellular deposits. In our research, the ontogenesis of individual root cells that accumulate Si is discussed. The documented and expected roles of Si deposition in the root is outlined mostly as a reaction of plants to abiotic and biotic stresses.

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“…Not only shoots but also roots can defend against insect attacks. Interestingly, high root Si concentrations can effectively reduce the feeding and relative growth rate performance of the sugarcane root-feeding insect, the greyback canegrub ( Dermolepida albohirtum ) [ 40 , 41 ].…”

Section: Formation Of Physical Barriers To Insectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also seems that Si-mediated mechanisms act similarly in plants both below and above ground, as Si induces lignin accumulation in the roots of both sugarcane (a monocot) [ 41 ] and oilseed rape (a eudicot) [ 37 ], increasing toughness and, eventually, resistance to insect attack [ 69 ]. Though the accumulation of Si differs among plant species, they likely display similar Si defence mechanisms against insects.…”

Section: Summary and Future Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Silicon and Mechanisms of Plant Resistance to Insect Pests

Alhousari

Greger

2018

Plants

111

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This paper reviews the most recent progress in exploring silicon-mediated resistance to herbivorous insects and the mechanisms involved. The aim is to determine whether any mechanism seems more common than the others as well as whether the mechanisms are more pronounced in silicon-accumulating than non-silicon-accumulating species or in monocots than eudicots. Two types of mechanisms counter insect pest attacks: physical or mechanical barriers and biochemical/molecular mechanisms (in which Si can upregulate and prime plant defence pathways against insects). Although most studies have examined high Si accumulators, both accumulators and non-accumulators of silicon as well as monocots and eudicots display similar Si defence mechanisms against insects.

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Host plant colonisation by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi stimulates immune function whereas high root silicon concentrations diminish growth in a soil-dwelling herbivore

Cited by 49 publications

References 54 publications

When resistance is futile, tolerate instead: silicon promotes plant compensatory growth when attacked by above- and belowground herbivores

When resistance is futile, tolerate instead: silicon promotes plant compensatory growth when attacked by above- and belowground herbivores

Silicification of Root Tissues

Silicon and Mechanisms of Plant Resistance to Insect Pests

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