Host–Pathogen Interactions: Proline Gives Insect Pathogens the Green Light

Waterfield, Nicholas R.

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.11.018

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…and Xenorhabdus spp. can sense the presence of proline in insect hemolymph, leading to the activation of various virulence factors and metabolic shift [33], [34]. Proline could also play an important role in citrus– C Las interactions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collection and Chemical Composition of Phloem Sap from Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck (Sweet Orange)

2014

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Through utilizing the nutrient-rich phloem sap, sap feeding insects such as psyllids, leafhoppers, and aphids can transmit many phloem-restricted pathogens. On the other hand, multiplication of phloem-limited, uncultivated bacteria such as Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) inside the phloem of citrus indicates that the sap contains all the essential nutrients needed for the pathogen growth. The phloem sap composition of many plants has been studied; however, to our knowledge, there is no available data about citrus phloem sap. In this study, we identified and quantified the chemical components of phloem sap from pineapple sweet orange. Two approaches (EDTA enhanced exudation and centrifugation) were used to collect phloem sap. The collected sap was derivatized with methyl chloroformate (MCF), N-methyl-N- [tert-butyl dimethylsilyl]-trifluroacetamide (MTBSTFA), or trimethylsilyl (TMS) and analyzed with GC-MS revealing 20 amino acids and 8 sugars. Proline, the most abundant amino acid, composed more than 60% of the total amino acids. Tryptophan, tyrosine, leucine, isoleucine, and valine, which are considered essential for phloem sap-sucking insects, were also detected. Sucrose, glucose, fructose, and inositol were the most predominant sugars. In addition, seven organic acids including succinic, fumaric, malic, maleic, threonic, citric, and quinic were detected. All compounds detected in the EDTA-enhanced exudate were also detected in the pure phloem sap using centrifugation. The centrifugation technique allowed estimating the concentration of metabolites. This information expands our knowledge about the nutrition requirement for citrus phloem-limited bacterial pathogen and their vectors, and can help define suitable artificial media to culture them.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Collection and Chemical Composition of Phloem Sap from Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck (Sweet Orange)

2014

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“…In addition, PutP and its homolog SssA are shown to play a role in the transition from transient to permanent attachment of V. cholorae to surfaces (59). L-proline is also involved in regulating alternative lifestyles in entomopathogenic bacteria (7,60). Bacteria of the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus participate in trilateral interactions in which they enable their nematode hosts to parasitize insect larvae.…”

Section: Role Of Putp In Bacteria Host Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Na+/L-proline transporter PutP

Jung¹

2012

Front Biosci

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The Na⁺/L-proline transporter PutP is a member of the Na⁺/solute symporter family (TC 2A.21, SLC5), which contains several hundred proteins of pro- and eukaryotic origin. Within the family, the capability of L-proline uptake is restricted to proteins of prokaryotes. PutP contributes to the use of L-proline as a nutrient. In addition, the transporter may supply cells with compatible solute during adaptation to osmotic stress. Based on these and other functions, PutP is of significance for various bacteria-host interactions including the virulence of human pathogens. A homology model of Escherichia coli PutP was generated based on the crystal structure of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus Na+/galactose symporter. According to the model, PutP has a core structure of five plus five transmembrane domains forming an inverted repeat similar as originally revealed by the crystal structure of the Na+/leucine transporter LeuT. The homology model is experimentally verified by Cys cross-linking and site-directed spin labeling in combination with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The putative sites of Na⁺ and L-proline binding are described, and a putative transport mechanism is discussed.

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Metabolomic analyses of the haemolymph of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri, the vector of huanglongbing

et al. 2016

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The Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is currently threatening the citrus industry by transmitting the causative agent Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) of huanglongbing. Multiplication of CLas in haemolymph of D. citri indicates that it contains the necessary nutrients for CLas. Although many studies examine D. citri, the haemolymph composition of this dangerous pest remains to be investigated. In the present study, the haemolymph of D. citri is collected using a nanolitre syringe after the removal of one of its forelegs. The haemolymph is either derivatized with methyl chloroformate (MCF) or trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatizing reagent and analyzed with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Nineteen amino acids, two organic acids and seven fatty acids are detected in the haemolymph after MCF derivatization. More metabolites are detected after TMS derivatization. Sugars are the most abundant metabolites in the haemolymph. Glucose and fructose are the main monosaccharides. Trehalose and sucrose are the major disaccharides. Furthermore, three inositol isomers (myo‐inositol, scyllo‐inositol and chiro‐inositol) are detected in the haemolymph. Organic acids are found in low amounts, whereas phosphoric acid is found at a higher concentration. Twenty‐four nucleotides and sugar nucleotides, including ATP, ADP and AMP, are detected using high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography. Adenine nucleotides are the most abundant nucleotides followed by uridine and guanosine. The adenylate energy charge for the haemolymph is 0.77. Our results show that many metabolites found in the citrus phloem sap are also found in the haemolymph of D. citri.

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Host–Pathogen Interactions: Proline Gives Insect Pathogens the Green Light

Cited by 3 publications

References 21 publications

Collection and Chemical Composition of Phloem Sap from Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck (Sweet Orange)

Collection and Chemical Composition of Phloem Sap from Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck (Sweet Orange)

The Na+/L-proline transporter PutP

Metabolomic analyses of the haemolymph of the Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri, the vector of huanglongbing

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