Host Non-Coding RNA Regulates Influenza A Virus Replication

Abstract

Outbreaks of influenza, caused by the influenza A virus (IAV), occur almost every year in various regions worldwide, seriously endangering human health. Studies have shown that host non-coding RNA is an important regulator of host–virus interactions in the process of IAV infection. In this paper, we comprehensively analyzed the research progress on host non-coding RNAs with regard to the regulation of IAV replication. According to the regulation mode of host non-coding RNAs, the signal pathways involved, and the specific target genes, we found that a large number of host non-coding RNAs directly targeted the PB1 and PB2 proteins of IAV. Nonstructural protein 1 and other key genes regulate the replication of IAV and indirectly participate in the regulation of the retinoic acid-induced gene I-like receptor signaling pathway, toll-like receptor signaling pathway, Janus kinase signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling pathway, and other major intracellular viral response signaling pathways to regulate the replication of IAV. Based on the above findings, we mapped the regulatory network of host non-coding RNAs in the innate immune response to the influenza virus. These findings will provide a more comprehensive understanding of the function and mechanism of host non-coding RNAs in the cellular anti-virus response as well as clues to the mechanism of cell–virus interactions and the discovery of antiviral drug targets.

Open Modification Searching of SARS-CoV-2–Human Protein Interaction Data Reveals Novel Viral Modification Sites

“…Both microRNA and long non-coding RNA are ncRNA that can regulate gene expression and exhibit different expression profiles in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy people [ 50 , 51 ]. Additionally, they have recently been found to act as viral modulators, regulating viral infection and host defense [ 52 , 53 ]. Glycoprotein metabolic processes are expected to be relevant to Orf8, as induction of proinflammatory cytokine production by secreted Orf8 is glycosylation dependent [ 54 ].…”

Open modification searching of SARS-CoV-2–human protein interaction data reveals novel viral modification sites

“…Both microRNA (miRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) are ncRNA that can regulate gene expression and exhibit different expression profiles in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy people [49, 50]. Additionally, they have recently been found to act as viral modulators, regulating viral infection and host defense [51, 52]. Glycoprotein metabolic processes are expected to be relevant to Orf8, as induction of proinflammatory cytokine production by secreted Orf8 is glycosylation dependent [53].…”

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“… 108 At the RNA level, they can conduct their respective biological effects and play a vital role in cell growth, differentiation, replication, and apoptosis. 108 , 109 ncRNAs are also uncovered in the extracellular milieu, plenty of ncRNAs selectively sorted into EVs potentially regulate specific aspects of autophagy, thus protecting from degradation. Current shreds of evidence have demonstrated that ncRNAs are effective treatment candidates owing to their capacity of promoting neuronal recovery.…”