Host-Mediated Phosphorylation of Type III Effector AvrPto Promotes<i>Pseudomonas</i>Virulence and Avirulence in Tomato

Anderson, Jeffrey C.; Pascuzzi, Pete E.; Xiao, Fangming; Sessa, Guido; Martin, Gregory B.

doi:10.1105/tpc.105.036590

Cited by 64 publications

(95 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Like several other known effectors, the N terminus of AvrPto contains a myristoylation motif that targets the effector to the plant plasma membrane, and it is strictly required for both AvrPto virulence and Pto-mediated recognition in tomato, and basal defence suppression in Arabidopsis 29,42,87 . In addition to acylation, a recent study shows that AvrPto is phosphorylated by a Pto-independent kinase activity 117 , and amino-acid substitutions that decrease AvrPto phosphorylation also decrease AvrPto virulence activity.…”

Section: Box 3 Molecular Mimicry By Type III Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Plant-dependent effector modifications that have been identified include acylation [28][29][30] , phosphorylation 117 and proteolytic cleavage 19,75,118 . These modifications contribute to the virulence function of effectors and therefore probably function as initial 'activation' steps that are necessary for subsequent interaction with host targets.…”

Section: Box 3 Molecular Mimicry By Type III Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial elicitation and evasion of plant innate immunity

Abramovitch

Anderson

Martin

2006

Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol

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376

285

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Recent research on plant responses to bacterial attack has identified extracellular and intracellular host receptors that recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns and more specialized virulence proteins, respectively. These findings have shed light on our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which bacteria elicit host defences and how pathogens have evolved to evade or suppress these defences.Plants are a rich source of nutrients and water for microbes, and they are infected by many bacterial pathogens from both the Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria phyla (Supplementary information 1 (table)). Because of their broad host range, serious economic consequences and experimental tractability, the most intensively studied bacteria are members of the Proteobacteria phylum (such as Agrobacterium, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia and Xanthomonas) [1][2][3][4] . These pathogens are spread by wind, rain, insects or cultivation practices. They enter plant tissues either by wounds or through natural openings such as lenticels, hydathodes or stomata 5 , and they occupy the inter cellular spaces (apoplast) of various plant tissues or the xylem.Plant-pathogenic members of the Proteobacteria cause diverse disease symptoms, including specks, spots, blights, wilts, galls and cankers, and they can cause host-cell death in roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, stems and tubers (FIG. 1). These symptoms affect both yield and quality of agricultural crops and bacterial diseases can have serious economic, social and even political consequences [6][7][8] . Control of bacterial diseases is only partially effective and consists of copper-based sprays, antibiotics, biocontrol strategies, large-scale removal of infected plants and, most importantly, host genetic resistance 5 . Therefore, research on bacterial diseases of plants helps to elucidate fundamental aspects of microbial pathogenesis and associated host responses and also to develop more effective and sustainable disease-control methods.Correspondence to G.B.M. gbm7@cornell.edu. Competing interests statementThe authors declare no competing financial interests. DATABASES NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptPlant-pathogenic bacteria use virulence strategies that are either specialized to plant tissues or are broadly conserved among pathogens of both plants and animals (FIG. 1). Bacterial virulence is manifested as increases in the rate of growth or final population size, as well as by enhanced disease symptoms, which promote the spread of the pathogen through the plant or the broader environment.Unlike mammals, plants have a complex cell wall that bacteria must surmount to gain access to water and nutrients. Bacteria attack this barrier with extracellular virulence factors, such as cell wall degrading enzymes, and bypass it by the secretion of cell wall-permeable toxins 5 . However, perhaps the most effective virulence strategy, and one shared with animal bacterial pathogens, is to breach the wall by use of the type III s...

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Section: Box 3 Molecular Mimicry By Type III Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Box 3 Molecular Mimicry By Type III Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial elicitation and evasion of plant innate immunity

Abramovitch

Anderson

Martin

2006

Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol

Self Cite

376

285

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“…Other type-III effectors require host-mediated biochemical modifications, such as myristoylation and phosphorylation, to become functional. For example, myristoylation of AvrRpm1 and AvrPto is required for both their avirulence and virulence activities, suggesting that plant N-myristoyltransferases are involved as host-cell helpers (Nimchuk et al 2000;Anderson et al 2006).…”

Section: Host-cell Helpers Of Effectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effector Biology of Plant-Associated Organisms: Concepts and Perspectives

Win

Chaparro-Garcia

Belhaj

et al. 2012

Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology

349

329

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Every plant is closely associated with a variety of living organisms. Therefore, deciphering how plants interact with mutualistic and parasitic organisms is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the biology of plants. The field of plant-biotic interactions has recently coalesced around an integrated model. Major classes of molecular players both from plants and their associated organisms have been revealed. These include cell surface and intracellular immune receptors of plants as well as apoplastic and host-cell-translocated (cytoplasmic) effectors of the invading organism. This article focuses on effectors, molecules secreted by plant-associated organisms that alter plant processes. Effectors have emerged as a central class of molecules in our integrated view of plant-microbe interactions. Their study has significantly contributed to advancing our knowledge of plant hormones, plant development, plant receptors, and epigenetics. Many pathogen effectors are extraordinary examples of biological innovation; they include some of the most remarkable proteins known to function inside plant cells. Here, we review some of the key concepts that have emerged from the study of the effectors of plant-associated organisms. In particular, we focus on how effectors function in plant tissues and discuss future perspectives in the field of effector biology.

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“…Six-week-old greenhouse-grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants containing functional Pto and Prf genes were vacuum inoculated with Pseudomonas strains containing AvrPtoB 1-307 wild-type or mutant alleles or empty vector at an inoculum of 2 3 10 4 colony-forming units/mL . For consistent results, after inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria, tomato plants were kept in a climate-controlled growth chamber under optimized conditions (248C during the day and 208C at night, with 75% humidity and 16-h days; for details, see Anderson et al, 2006). Bacterial populations were recovered from plant leaves and quantitated at 4 d after inoculation following methods described by Anderson et al (2006).…”

Section: Measurement Of Bacterial Populations In Tomato Leavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For consistent results, after inoculation with Pseudomonas bacteria, tomato plants were kept in a climate-controlled growth chamber under optimized conditions (248C during the day and 208C at night, with 75% humidity and 16-h days; for details, see Anderson et al, 2006). Bacterial populations were recovered from plant leaves and quantitated at 4 d after inoculation following methods described by Anderson et al (2006).…”

Section: Measurement Of Bacterial Populations In Tomato Leavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crystal Structure of the Complex between Pseudomonas Effector AvrPtoB and the Tomato Pto Kinase Reveals Both a Shared and a Unique Interface Compared with AvrPto-Pto

et al. 2009

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Resistance to bacterial speck disease in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is activated upon recognition by the host Pto kinase of either one of two sequence-unrelated effector proteins, AvrPto or AvrPtoB, from Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato (Pst). Pto induces Pst immunity by acting in concert with the Prf protein. The recently reported structure of the AvrPto-Pto complex revealed that interaction of AvrPto with Pto appears to relieve an inhibitory effect of Pto, allowing Pto to activate Prf. Here, we present the crystal structure of the Pto binding domain of AvrPtoB (residues 121 to 205) at a resolution of 1.9Å and of the AvrPtoB121-205–Pto complex at a resolution of 3.3 Å. AvrPtoB121-205 exhibits a tertiary fold that is completely different from that of AvrPto, and its conformation remains largely unchanged upon binding to Pto. In common with AvrPto-Pto, the AvrPtoB-Pto complex relies on two interfaces. One of these interfaces is similar in both complexes, although the primary amino acid sequences from the two effector proteins are very different. Amino acid substitutions in Pto at the other interface disrupt the interaction of AvrPtoB-Pto but not that of AvrPto-Pto. Interestingly, substitutions in Pto affecting this unique interface also cause Pto to induce Prf-dependent host cell death independently of either effector protein.

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Host-Mediated Phosphorylation of Type III Effector AvrPto PromotesPseudomonasVirulence and Avirulence in Tomato

Cited by 64 publications

References 47 publications

Bacterial elicitation and evasion of plant innate immunity

Bacterial elicitation and evasion of plant innate immunity

Effector Biology of Plant-Associated Organisms: Concepts and Perspectives

Crystal Structure of the Complex between Pseudomonas Effector AvrPtoB and the Tomato Pto Kinase Reveals Both a Shared and a Unique Interface Compared with AvrPto-Pto

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