Host immune responses accelerate pathogen evolution

Trivedi, Pankaj; Wang, Nian

doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.215

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Interestingly, we did not detect phytoplasma sequences in U.G.B., even though the origin was sympatric with the other plants included in the study, suggesting that the rootstocks may influence the ecology of the phytoplasma by becoming potential reservoirs of these cell-wall-less grape pathogens. An analysis of the microbial network interactions may help to clarify the host-pathogen interactions and provide new insights into the pathogen colonization process [ 49 , 50 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grapevine rootstocks shape underground bacterial microbiome and networking but not potential functionality

et al. 2018

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BackgroundThe plant compartments of Vitis vinifera, including the rhizosphere, rhizoplane, root endosphere, phyllosphere and carposphere, provide unique niches that drive specific bacterial microbiome associations. The majority of phyllosphere endophytes originate from the soil and migrate up to the aerial compartments through the root endosphere. Thus, the soil and root endosphere partially define the aerial endosphere in the leaves and berries, contributing to the terroir of the fruit. However, V. vinifera cultivars are invariably grafted onto the rootstocks of other Vitis species and hybrids. It has been hypothesized that the plant species determines the microbiome of the root endosphere and, as a consequence, the aerial endosphere. In this work, we test the first part of this hypothesis. We investigate whether different rootstocks influence the bacteria selected from the surrounding soil, affecting the bacterial diversity and potential functionality of the rhizosphere and root endosphere.MethodsBacterial microbiomes from both the root tissues and the rhizosphere of Barbera cultivars, both ungrafted and grafted on four different rootstocks, cultivated in the same soil from the same vineyard, were characterized by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. To assess the influence of the root genotype on the bacterial communities’ recruitment in the root system, (i) the phylogenetic diversity coupled with the predicted functional profiles and (ii) the co-occurrence bacterial networks were determined. Cultivation-dependent approaches were used to reveal the plant-growth promoting (PGP) potential associated with the grafted and ungrafted root systems.ResultsRichness, diversity and bacterial community networking in the root compartments were significantly influenced by the rootstocks. Complementary to a shared bacterial microbiome, different subsets of soil bacteria, including those endowed with PGP traits, were selected by the root system compartments of different rootstocks. The interaction between the root compartments and the rootstock exerted a unique selective pressure that enhanced niche differentiation, but rootstock-specific bacterial communities were still recruited with conserved PGP traits.ConclusionWhile the rootstock significantly influences the taxonomy, structure and network properties of the bacterial community in grapevine roots, a homeostatic effect on the distribution of the predicted and potential functional PGP traits was found.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s40168-017-0391-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Grapevine rootstocks shape underground bacterial microbiome and networking but not potential functionality

et al. 2018

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“…A previous experimental evolution study conducted by our group demonstrated that adapted Xcc bacteria that caused reduced HR-like phenotype in Meiwa kumquat harbor point mutations in a xps type 2 secretion system (T2SS) gene and the T3SS effector coding genes xopE1/ avrXacE1 and pthA4 [34]. We hypothesized that these genes mediate kumquat immune responses to Xcc.…”

Section: The Immune Responses Of Meiwa Kumquat To Xcc Are Mediated Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

The immunity of Meiwa kumquat against Xanthomonas citri is associated with a known susceptibility gene induced by a transcription activator-like effector

Teper

et al. 2020

PLoS Pathog

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Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is one of the most devastating diseases in citrus. Meiwa kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia) has shown a durable resistance against Xcc. Here, we aimed to characterize the mechanisms responsible for such a durable resistance by characterizing the transcriptional and physiological responses of Meiwa kumquat to Xcc. Inoculation of Meiwa kumquat with Xcc promoted immune responses such as upregulation of PR genes, accumulation of salicylic acid, hypersensitive response (HR)-like cell death and early leaf abscission. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia symptoms, which are known to be caused by Xcc-induction of the canker susceptibility gene LOB1 through the transcription activator-like effector (TALE) PthA4, always appear prior to the development of cell death. Mutation of pthA4 in Xcc abolished the induction of LOB1, canker symptoms, cell death, and leaf abscission and reduced the expression of PR genes in inoculated kumquat leaves without reducing Xcc titers in planta. Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that PthA4 promotes plant biotic and abiotic stress responses and the biosynthesis of abscisic acid. Transcriptional induction of LOB1 homologs in Meiwa kumquat by Xcc pthA4 mutant strains carrying a repertoire of designer TALEs promoted the elicitation of HR-like phenotype and leaf abscission, suggesting that kumquat response to Xcc is associated with upregulation of LOB1. Our study suggests a novel mechanism of plant resistance to Xanthomonas via elicitation of immune responses by upregulation of a host susceptibility gene.

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“…Positive selection is an important driving force for pathogens in adaptation process (Lieberman et al, 2011;Trivedi and Wang, 2013). Knowledge of the genes affected by positive selection across citrus canker-causing species can show which genes may be involved in citrus canker development and host specificity.…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysis Of Citrus Canker-causing Xanthomonasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Positive selection is the main driving force for evolution of citrus canker-causing Xanthomonas

et al. 2015

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Understanding the evolutionary history and potential of bacterial pathogens is critical to prevent the emergence of new infectious bacterial diseases. Xanthomonas axonopodis subsp. citri (Xac) (synonym X. citri subsp. citri), which causes citrus canker, is one of the hardest-fought plant bacterial pathogens in US history. Here, we sequenced 21 Xac strains (14 XacA, 3 XacA* and 4 XacA w ) with different host ranges from North America and Asia and conducted comparative genomic and evolutionary analyses. Our analyses suggest that acquisition of beneficial genes and loss of detrimental genes most likely allowed XacA to infect a broader range of hosts as compared with XacA w and XacA*. Recombination was found to have occurred frequently on the relative ancient branches, but rarely on the young branches of the clonal genealogy. The ratio of recombination/ mutation q/h was 0.0790 ± 0.0005, implying that the Xac population was clonal in structure. Positive selection has affected 14% (395 out of 2822) of core genes of the citrus canker-causing Xanthomonas. The genes affected are enriched in 'carbohydrate transport and metabolism' and 'DNA replication, recombination and repair' genes (Po0.05). Many genes related to virulence, especially genes involved in the type III secretion system and effectors, are affected by positive selection, further highlighting the contribution of positive selection to the evolution of citrus cankercausing Xanthomonas. Our results suggest that both metabolism and virulence genes provide advantages to endow XacA with higher virulence and a wider host range. Our analysis advances our understanding of the genomic basis of specialization by positive selection in bacterial evolution.

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Host immune responses accelerate pathogen evolution

Cited by 22 publications

References 22 publications

Grapevine rootstocks shape underground bacterial microbiome and networking but not potential functionality

Grapevine rootstocks shape underground bacterial microbiome and networking but not potential functionality

The immunity of Meiwa kumquat against Xanthomonas citri is associated with a known susceptibility gene induced by a transcription activator-like effector

Positive selection is the main driving force for evolution of citrus canker-causing Xanthomonas

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