Host immune modulation by antimicrobial drugs: current knowledge and implications for antimicrobial chemotherapy

Banche, Giuliana; Allizond, Valeria; Mandras, Narcisa; Tullio, Vivian; Cuffini, Annamaria

doi:10.1016/j.coph.2014.07.011

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Clinical experience showed that the efficacy of conventional antimicrobial drugs depends both on their direct effect on microorganisms and on the activity of the host immune system to find compounds that are able to stimulate and not to interfere negatively with them [5,6,7]. To make a valid assessment of EOs activity for use in pharmaceutical applications and an effective comparison with conventional drugs, it is important to evaluate not only the classic microbiological parameters for assessing the antimicrobial efficacy but also the influence of the EOs on host defence mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Enhanced Killing of Candida krusei by Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes in the Presence of Subinhibitory Concentrations of Melaleuca alternifolia and “Mentha of Pancalieri” Essential Oils

et al. 2019

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of tea tree oil (TTO) and “Mentha of Pancalieri” essential oil (MPP) on intracellular killing of Candida krusei, often resistant to conventional drugs, by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNs). Intracellular killing was investigated by incubating yeasts and PMNs with essential oils (EOs) at 1/4 and 1/8 × MIC (Minimal Inhibitory Concentration), in comparison with anidulafungin, used as a reference drug. Killing values were expressed as Survival Index (SI) values. The cytotoxicity of EOs was evaluated by 3-[4,-5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Both EOs were more efficaceous at 1/8 × MIC than 1/4 × MIC, with killing values higher than observed in EO-free systems and in presence of anidulafungin, indicating that the decreasing concentrations did not cause lower candidacidal activity. This better activity at 1/8 × MIC is probably due to the EOs’ toxicity at 1/4 × MIC, suggesting that at higher concentrations EOs might interfere with PMNs functionality. TTO and MPP at 1/8 × MIC significantly increased intracellular killing by PMNs through their direct action on the yeasts (both EOs) or on phagocytic cells (MPP), suggesting a positive interaction between EOs and PMNs to eradicate intracellular C. krusei. These data showed a promising potential application of TTO and “Mentha of Pancalieri” EO as natural adjuvants in C. krusei infection management.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PMNs are professional phagocytes, represent one of the effectors of innate immunity and play a primary role in the elimination of microbial pathogens against acute microbial infection. Consequently, the identification of substances, other than antibiotics, that can positively modulate these phagocytes is of great interest [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Killing of Candida krusei by Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes in the Presence of Subinhibitory Concentrations of Melaleuca alternifolia and “Mentha of Pancalieri” Essential Oils

et al. 2019

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“…Moreover, clarithromycin showed a higher ability to kill the endodontic pathogens in vitro compared to fosfomycine. Clarithromycin is an advanced generation macrolide with a wide spectrum of activity and excellent inflammatory-dependent activity, both intra and extracellular [27][28][29]. Moreover, it has been shown to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties and the associated side effects are typically mild [26,42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, an alternative antibiotic combination, composed of ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and clarithromycin (3-MIXC), has demonstrated high antimicrobial properties with no discoloration effects in vitro [26]. Clarithromycin is an advanced-generation macrolide with a wide spectrum of activity and excellent inflammatory-dependent activity, both intra and extracellular [27][28][29].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the Bactericidal Activity of a Hyaluronic Acid-Vehicled Clarithromycin Antibiotic Mixture by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

et al. 2020

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Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) was used to evaluate the antibacterial effect and depth of action of a novel clarithromycin-containing triple antibiotic mixture, which was proposed for root canal disinfection in dental pulp regeneration. A previous study reported that this mixture had no tooth discoloration effects in vitro. After infection with Enterococcus faecalis for 3 weeks, the dentinal tubules in the cylindrical root specimens were exposed to different antibiotic mixtures: ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and minocycline (3-MIX); ciprofloxacin, metronidazole and clarithromycin (3-MIXC) and ciprofloxacin and metronidazole (2-MIX). Each antibiotic formulation was mixed with macrogol (MG) or hyaluronic acid (HA) vehicles. CLSM and viability staining were used to quantitatively analyze the mean depth of the antibacterial effect and the proportions of dead and live bacteria inside the dentinal tubules. The 3-MIX and 3-MIXC demonstrated a similar depth of action. The mean proportion of dead bacteria was similar in the 3-MIX and 3-MIXC groups, and both were statistically higher than that of 2-MIX (p = 0.014). Each antibiotic mixture showed a higher bactericidal efficacy if conveyed with HA, compared to MG (3-MIX, p = 0.019; 3-MIXC, p = 0.013 and 2-MIX, p = 0.0125). The depth of action and the antibacterial efficacy of 3-MIXC seemed comparable with 3-MIX.

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“…The ability of professional phagocytes, such as polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs), to ingest and kill microorganisms is central to innate immunity (11), and the current trend of therapy requires the use of antibiotics that potentiate the host's defense mechanisms (12,13). Hence, the aim of this study was to evaluate (i) the efficacy of PMNs to eradicate different Lactobacillus spp.…”

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Key Roles of Human Polymorphonuclear Cells and Ciprofloxacin in Lactobacillus Species Infection Control

Mandras

Tullio

Furneri

et al. 2016

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Lactobacilli have the potential to act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes similar to those found in human pathogens, with the risk of transferring these genes to many pathogenic bacteria. In this study, we investigated the role of human polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) against Lactobacillus spp. both resistant and susceptible to ciprofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone) and the effect of ciprofloxacin on the interaction between PMNs and three Lactobacillus spp. with different patterns of susceptibility to this drug. Hence, the primary functions of PMNs, such as phagocytosis and bacterial intracellular killing, against lactobacilli were investigated. The rate of PMN phagocytosis was high for ciprofloxacin-sensitive and ciprofloxacin-resistant strains. The patterns of intracellular killing of ciprofloxacin-sensitive and ciprofloxacin-resistant strains by PMNs underline that PMNs alone were able to kill lactobacilli. The addition of ciprofloxacin to PMNs did not result in a significant increase in the bacterial uptake by phagocytes. On the contrary, ciprofloxacin had a marked effect on PMN intracellular killing, resulting in increased numbers of killed ciprofloxacin-sensitive bacteria in comparison with antibiotic-free controls. Our data show that by itself, the profile of antibiotic resistance does not constitute an intrinsic factor of greater or lesser pathogenicity toward the host. The ability of PMNs to kill a diverse array of bacterial pathogens is essential for human innate host defense, primarily in immunocompromised patients. Lactobacillus spp., considered nonpathogenic bacteria of the human gastrointestinal and vaginal microbiotas, are widely used as probiotics in dairy products. Moreover, they can positively interact with other microorganisms of the human microbiota (1).Infections caused by lactobacilli are extremely rare; however, they can spread into the blood and cause serious clinical infections (2, 3). Many investigators have demonstrated that lactobacilli have a high natural resistance to many antimicrobial drugs, such as fluoroquinolones, e.g., ciprofloxacin (CIP) (4-7); our recent studies showed that the mechanism of resistance to fluoroquinolones could be associated with the presence of a NorA-like efflux pump found in ciprofloxacin-resistant (CIP r ) strains of L. fermentum isolated from the human oral cavity (8).For several decades, studies on selection and dissemination of antibiotic resistance have focused mainly on clinically relevant species. The magnitude of the problem is significantly increased by the ability of bacteria to transfer resistance horizontally and by the mounting increase in the overuse and misuse of antibiotics, which has created an enormous selective pressure toward resistant bacteria.Gene transfer occurs widely in vivo between pathogenic and commensal bacteria of the human microbiota, as identical resistance genes are present in several bacterial species from different hosts. Lactobacilli have the potential to act as reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes similar to th...

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Host immune modulation by antimicrobial drugs: current knowledge and implications for antimicrobial chemotherapy

Cited by 9 publications

References 44 publications

Enhanced Killing of Candida krusei by Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes in the Presence of Subinhibitory Concentrations of Melaleuca alternifolia and “Mentha of Pancalieri” Essential Oils

Enhanced Killing of Candida krusei by Polymorphonuclear Leucocytes in the Presence of Subinhibitory Concentrations of Melaleuca alternifolia and “Mentha of Pancalieri” Essential Oils

Evaluation of the Bactericidal Activity of a Hyaluronic Acid-Vehicled Clarithromycin Antibiotic Mixture by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy

Key Roles of Human Polymorphonuclear Cells and Ciprofloxacin in Lactobacillus Species Infection Control

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