“…13,[19][20][21] From an analytical perspective, integrating electrochemical platforms with substrate modiers has been explored to enhance selectivity and/or sensitivity. [22][23][24][25][26][27] However, these approaches oen require multiple procedural steps, which may not consistently yield signicant results suitable for routine sample analyses. Plus, the characterization of the material is required, followed by its immobilization and electrochemical performance evaluation on the GCE surface.…”