Host Digestion to Determine Populations of the Northern Fowl Mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Acari: Macronyssidae), on Mature Chickens

Lemke, L. A.; Collison, C. H.; Kim, K. C.

doi:10.1093/jmedent/25.3.183

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…Unlike Lemke and Collison (1985), our visual estimates were well correlated with actual estimated numbers in the vent area examined. Time limitations conÞne visual searches to the vent region favored by the mites, but mites at a range of densities may be found on other body regions (Lemke et al 1988), and those would have been missed. Although accuracy was not good, underestimation among observers and across time was consistent and allowed detection of relative changes in mite numbers on the hens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The entire life cycle requires only 5Ð12 d and occurs on the host, where the protonymph and adult stages feed on blood (Sikes and Chamberlain 1954, Axtell and Arends 1990, Hogsette et al 1991. Mites are most abundant in the vent region (Lemke et al 1988), although at high population densities, mites may be found on many regions of the body. Mite impact on poultry egg production has varied among studies, from no effect (Loomis et al 1970) to signiÞcant reduction at moderate to high mite densities (Hall et al 1983, Arends et al 1984.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Monitoring Northern Fowl Mites (Acari: Macronyssidae) in Caged Laying Hens: Feasibility of an Egg-Based Sampling System

Mullens

Hinkle

Szijj

2000

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Northern fowl mites were monitored on a caged-layer operation in southern California for 22 mo. Three experienced observers underestimated actual numbers of mites in the vent region approximately 80% of the time. Errors were higher for heavy infestations. Observer estimates were highly correlated with each other (r > 0.89, P < 0.01) and with mite numbers estimated by vent feather removal (r > 0.82, P < 0.01). Mites on hens varied between houses and over time. Molting consistently reduced mite numbers, but did not eliminate then in a flock. Long-term monitoring of individual sentinel hens demonstrated that some hens would support high numbers of mites for several months or more. Use of a new sequential hen sampling plan required approximately 1 min per hen, if mite numbers were estimated. At this site, treatment decisions often could be reached in < 20 min per house. Mite scores (index of estimated mites per hen) were well correlated with percentage of hens infested in both test houses. In a chronically infested house, prevalence of mites on eggs averaged 8.5%, with a range of 0-55%. Applications of tetrachlorvinphos-dichlorvos by the producer appeared to be based on mites on > about 20% of eggs. The chemical was marginal for controlling mites on hens (25% reduction in percentage of hens infested), but effectively reduced mites on eggs (95% fewer mites on eggs at 1 wk and 90% at 2 wk). When data were grouped by mite index score on hens, there was a strong relationship (r2 = 0.83, P < 0.01) between mite prevalence on eggs and the scores of the hens which laid them. Sampling 100 eggs evenly spaced in a house required < 7 min, and adult mites were easily seen. Sampling mites on eggs appears to be useful to localize at least high-level infestations, and egg-based sampling for mites merits further investigation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Northern Fowl Mites (Acari: Macronyssidae) in Caged Laying Hens: Feasibility of an Egg-Based Sampling System

Mullens

Hinkle

Szijj

2000

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“…We have experimented with mites on beak-trimmed, commercial caged laying hens for many years and have never seen this type of bruising commonly until the present experiments with beakintact birds. This implies that beak-intact birds were better able to grab and pull the feathers vigorously in the vent region, the specific area mites favor on hens (Lemke et al, 1988;Axtell and Arends, 1990;Hogsette et al, 1991). Interestingly, the bruising was mainly in beak-intact, mite-infested hens, rather than in louseinfested ones, perhaps implying a greater degree of ir- ritation caused by mites that appeared even quite early after infestation (within the first week).…”

Section: Beak Condition and Cage Density Effects On Ectoparasitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beak condition and cage density determine abundance and spatial distribution of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, and chicken body lice, Menacanthus stramineus, on caged laying hens

2010

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Adult White Leghorn hens (Hy-Line strain W-36) were inoculated with either northern fowl mites or chicken body lice, and the ectoparasite populations were monitored over periods of 9 to 16 wk. Two beak conditions (beak trimmed or beak intact) and 2 housing densities (1 or 2 hens per 25 × 31 cm suspended wire cage) were tested. Populations of both ectoparasites were at least 10 times lower on beak-intact hens compared with populations on beak-trimmed hens. Cage density did not influence mite numbers, but higher numbers of lice (2 to 3 times) developed on hens held at the higher cage density. Louse distribution on the body and louse population age structure were also influenced by host beak condition. Beak-intact hens had a higher proportion of lice under the wings, whereas beak-trimmed hens had the majority of lice on the lower abdomen. Louse populations on beak-trimmed hens also comprised relatively more immature stages than populations found on beak-intact hens. The effects are likely related to decreased grooming efficiency by beak-trimmed hens and, in the case of lice, the higher host density. The high mite and louse populations on most commercial caged laying hens are probably a direct result of beak trimming. However, selection of more docile breeds that can be held without trimming may allow the hens themselves to reduce ectoparasites below economically damaging levels. This could benefit producers, animal welfare advocates, and human health by reducing 1) costs of beak trimming, 2) pesticide treatment costs (including human and bird chemical exposure concerns), and 3) objections to beak trimming from the animal welfare community.

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“…On hens the mites occupy the vent area ( c . 5–20 cm 2 area anterior to the cloaca), where they reside primarily in the feathers, but move to the skin to blood‐feed (Matthysse et al ., 1974; Lemke et al ., 1988). Despite its economic importance, little is known of the behaviour and ecology of O. sylviarum .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Northern fowl mite orientation in a thermal gradient and evidence for idiothetic course control

Owen

Mullens

Justus

et al. 2005

Physiological Entomology

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The northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, is an ectoparasite of birds and a poultry pest. The ability of northern fowl mites to orientate to a heat source is investigated with individual mites video-recorded in two-dimensional arenas and exposed to spatial or temporal heat gradients. Recorded tracks are digitally analysed for variation in linear velocity, mean direction of movement, and patterns in angular displacement. Mean direction of movement in a spatial gradient is significantly associated with the position of the heat source for 24/29 mites tested (P < 0.05), whereas most control (no heat) mean bearings are randomly distributed (16/25; P > 0.1). Angular displacement that orientates a mite towards the heat source is positively correlated with the preceding deviation from that direction (P < 0.01). Angular displacement away from the heat source is random. The temporal heat gradient is such that no spatial reference to the heat source exists within the plane of the arena. Mites in an ambient (27 C) to heated (30 C) transition have angular displacement distributions similar to control mites (ambient to ambient transition). However, mites in a heated to ambient transition execute angular displacements approximately 25 greater than mites in the other treatments (P < 0.03). Mites compare the shift in temperature over time and alter their direction of movement by a programmed (idiothetic) response to a decrease in temperature, rather than through detection of the spatial position of the gradient (allothetic).

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Host Digestion to Determine Populations of the Northern Fowl Mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Acari: Macronyssidae), on Mature Chickens

Cited by 13 publications

References 0 publications

Monitoring Northern Fowl Mites (Acari: Macronyssidae) in Caged Laying Hens: Feasibility of an Egg-Based Sampling System

Monitoring Northern Fowl Mites (Acari: Macronyssidae) in Caged Laying Hens: Feasibility of an Egg-Based Sampling System

Beak condition and cage density determine abundance and spatial distribution of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum, and chicken body lice, Menacanthus stramineus, on caged laying hens

Northern fowl mite orientation in a thermal gradient and evidence for idiothetic course control

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