Host blood meal source has a strong impact on gut microbiota of Aedes aegypti

Muturi, Ephantus J.; Dunlap, Christopher A.; Ramirez, José L.; Rooney, Alejandro P.; Kim, Chang‐Hyun

doi:10.1093/femsec/fiy213

Cited by 81 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…However, the imposing abundance of the three symbiotic bacteria hampers the accurate detection and analysis of other bacteria; thus, the difficulty in identifying any significant associations. Studies on other vectors indicate changes in bacterial flora with different blood meals, as has been demonstrated recently in mosquitos (Aedes aegypti) 55 . Future studies should focus on more sensitive detection and analysis of non-symbiotic bacteria in tsetse flies to shed light on the relationship between bacterial microbiome, trypanosome infection, blood meal source, and other factors and their importance in aspects such as vector competence, immunity, reproduction, etc.…”

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confidence: 53%

Blood meal sources and bacterial microbiome diversity in wild-caught tsetse flies

Gaithuma

Yamagishi

Hayashida

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Tsetse flies are the vectors of African trypanosomiasis affecting 36 sub-Saharan countries. Both wild and domestic animals play a crucial role in maintaining the disease-causing parasites (trypanosomes). Thus, the identification of animal reservoirs of trypanosomes is vital for the effective control of African trypanosomiasis. Additionally, the biotic and abiotic factors that drive gut microbiome diversity in tsetse flies are primarily unresolved, especially under natural, field conditions. In this study, we present a comprehensive DNA metabarcoding approach for individual tsetse fly analysis in the identification of mammalian blood meal sources and fly bacterial microbiome composition. We analyzed samples from two endemic foci, Kafue, Zambia collected in June 2017, and Hurungwe, Zimbabwe sampled in April 2014 (pilot study) and detected DNA of various mammals including humans, wild animals, domestic animals and small mammals (rat and bat). The bacterial diversity was relatively similar in flies with different mammalian species DNA, trypanosome infected and uninfected flies, and female and male flies. This study is the first report on bat DNA detection in wild tsetse flies. This study reveals that small mammals such as bats and rats are among the opportunistic blood meal sources for tsetse flies in the wild, and the implication on tsetse biology and ecology needs to be studied. also detected some that are commonly found in soil and water, indicating surface contaminating bacteria (from the environment). These bacteria, however, accounted for less than 0.1% of the total read count. Owing to the low read numbers obtained for non-symbiotic bacteria, and limited samples, we could not correlate any genus with blood meal source, sex, or status of trypanosome infection. Our results seem to indicate that blood meal sources from different hosts have little effect on the general gut microbiome composition of tsetse flies. However, the imposing abundance of the three symbiotic bacteria hampers the accurate detection and analysis of other bacteria; thus, the difficulty in identifying any significant associations. Studies on other vectors indicate changes in bacterial flora with different blood meals, as has been demonstrated recently in mosquitos (Aedes aegypti) 55 . Future studies should focus on more sensitive detection and analysis of non-symbiotic bacteria in tsetse flies to shed light on the relationship between bacterial microbiome, trypanosome infection, blood meal source, and other factors and their importance in aspects such as vector competence, immunity, reproduction, etc.

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confidence: 53%

Blood meal sources and bacterial microbiome diversity in wild-caught tsetse flies

Gaithuma

Yamagishi

Hayashida

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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“…Whole specimens are usually pooled in surveillance studies to screen mosquito samples for viruses using RNA and RT-PCR techniques (e.g., Čabanová et al, 2019). However, individual dissection of particular tissues (i.e., guts) is the reference methodology to study site/organ specific microbiomes (e.g., Muturi et al, 2019). This approach is, in many cases, technically complicated (i.e., when working with very small organisms) and/or logistically limiting (i.e., when large numbers of individuals have to be processed in a limited amount of time and/or with restricted resources).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodological Insight Into Mosquito Microbiome Studies

Rodríguez‐Ruano

Juhaňáková

Vávra

et al. 2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Symbiotic bacteria affect competence for pathogen transmission in insect vectors, including mosquitoes. However, knowledge on mosquito-microbiome-pathogen interactions remains limited, largely due to methodological reasons. The current, cost-effective practice of sample pooling used in mosquito surveillance and epidemiology prevents correlation of individual traits (i.e., microbiome profile) and infection status. Moreover, many mosquito studies employ laboratory-reared colonies that do not necessarily reflect the natural microbiome composition and variation in wild populations. As a consequence, epidemiological and microbiome studies in mosquitoes are to some extent uncoupled, and the interactions among pathogens, microbiomes, and natural mosquito populations remain poorly understood. This study focuses on the effect the pooling practice poses on mosquito microbiome profiles, and tests different approaches to find an optimized low-cost methodology for extensive sampling while allowing for accurate, individual-level microbiome studies. We tested the effect of pooling by comparing wild-caught, individually processed mosquitoes with pooled samples. With individual mosquitoes, we also tested two methodological aspects that directly affect the cost and feasibility of broad-scale molecular studies: sample preservation and tissue dissection. Pooling affected both alpha-and beta-diversity measures of the microbiome, highlighting the importance of using individual samples when possible. Both RNA and DNA yields were higher when using inexpensive reagents such as NAP (nucleic acid preservation) buffer or absolute ethanol, without freezing for short-term storage. Microbiome alpha-and beta-diversity did not show overall significant differences between the tested treatments compared to the controls (freshly extracted samples or dissected guts). However, the use of standardized protocols is highly recommended to avoid methodological bias in the data.

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“…(Falvibacteriace), Pseudomonas (Pseudomonadales), and Serratia (Enterobacteriace). Previous several studies have also reported a similar pattern of gut microbe enrichment (Tchioffo, Boissiere et al 2015;Muturi, Dunlap et al 2019), but nature of gutmicrobe interactions, especially microbial proteins facilitating blood meal digestion, remains poorly known (Chen, Blom et al 2017). Available draft genome sequence of cultured bacterial species predicts several metabolic pathways, but no functional relation has been established (Kukutla, Lindberg et al 2013;Pei, Hill-Clemons et al 2015).…”

Section: Fig 8 Relative Quantification Of Gut Immune Transcripts Inmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered gut microbiota and immunity defines Plasmodium vivax survival in Anopheles stephensi

Sharma

Rani

Chauhan

et al. 2019

Preprint

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AbstractBlood feeding-enriched gut-microbiota boosts mosquitoes’ anti-Plasmodium immunity. Here, we ask how Plasmodium vivax alters microbiota, anti-Plasmodial immunity and impact tripartite Plasmodium-mosquito-microbiota interactions in the gut lumen. Using a metagenomics analysis, we predominantly detect Elizabethkingia meningitis and Pseudomonas sps. in naïve mosquitoes. Naïve blood fed gut shows a heightened presence of Elizabethkingia, Pseudomonas and Serratia. A parallel RNAseq analysis of blood-fed midguts identify Elizabethkingia-transcripts, which may have role in iron metabolism. Post, a Plasmodium vivax infected blood-meal, however, we do not detect bacterial until circa 36 hours. Intriguingly, transcriptional expression of a selected array of antimicrobial arsenal cecropins 1-2, defensin-1 and gambicin remains low during the first 36 hours–a time frame when ookinietes/early oocysts invade gut. We conclude during the preinvasive phase, Plasmodium vivax outcompetes midgut-microbiota. Suppression of important immune factors, likely due to altered microbiota, may enhance Plasmodium vivax survival. Additional finding of a novel Wolbachia association warrants further research to design ‘paratransgenesis’ tools for malaria control.Author SummarySuccessful malaria transmission relies on the competitive interactions of Plasmodium and mosquito’s tissue specific immune potential. Within 24hrs of blood meal gut-microbiota grows exponentially and lead to robust enhancement of mosquito immune response, which is detrimental to parasite survival and development. But the mechanism how Plasmodium manages to evade this pre-invasive immune barrier is not well known. We investigated the influence of tripartite gut-microbiome-parasite interaction on human malaria parasite Plasmodium vivax in its natural/native vector Anopheles stephensi. Surprisingly we found that infectious blood meal lead to dramatic suppression in gut-bacteria population, a plausible strategy of P. vivax ookinetes to avoid immune responses. Our study suggests that for its own survival Plasmodium vivax causes early suppression of bacterial population, possibly by scavenging Fe from the blood meal which is indispensable for bacterial growth. Disruption and manipulation of this gut-microbe-interaction may help to design new ‘paratransgenesis’ molecular tool for malaria control.

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Host blood meal source has a strong impact on gut microbiota of Aedes aegypti

Cited by 81 publications

References 74 publications

Blood meal sources and bacterial microbiome diversity in wild-caught tsetse flies

Blood meal sources and bacterial microbiome diversity in wild-caught tsetse flies

Methodological Insight Into Mosquito Microbiome Studies

Altered gut microbiota and immunity defines Plasmodium vivax survival in Anopheles stephensi

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