Host and Parasite Evolution in a Tangled Bank

Betts, Alexander; Rafaluk, Charlotte; King, Kayla C.

doi:10.1016/j.pt.2016.08.003

Cited by 47 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 101 publications

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“…It has been suggested, however, that the adaptive potential of phage and high costs in phage resistance in bacteria can limit phage–bacterium coevolution 10 . Yet, the arms-race dynamics observed in laboratory experiments substantially differ from the real-life dynamics under the complex web of surrounding interactions present in the environment, which influences the ecology and evolution of both phages and their hosts 11, 12 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term genomic coevolution of host-parasite interaction in the natural environment

et al. 2017

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Antagonistic coevolution of parasite infectivity and host resistance may alter the biological functionality of species, yet these dynamics in nature are still poorly understood. Here we show the molecular details of a long-term phage–bacterium arms race in the environment. Bacteria (Flavobacterium columnare) are generally resistant to phages from the past and susceptible to phages isolated in years after bacterial isolation. Bacterial resistance selects for increased phage infectivity and host range, which is also associated with expansion of phage genome size. We identified two CRISPR loci in the bacterial host: a type II-C locus and a type VI-B locus. While maintaining a core set of conserved spacers, phage-matching spacers appear in the variable ends of both loci over time. The spacers mostly target the terminal end of the phage genomes, which also exhibit the most variation across time, resulting in arms-race-like changes in the protospacers of the coevolving phage population.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term genomic coevolution of host-parasite interaction in the natural environment

et al. 2017

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“…Indeed, parasite species can influence one another (Benesh & Kalbe, ), especially if multiple parasites infect one host. In such a case, coinfecting parasites interact directly or indirectly, for example through resource competition or effects on host immunity (Betts et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, little is known about temporal changes and the ecological effects of the host's response to infection (see Benesh & Kalbe, ; Brunner et al, ). In an ecological context, host‐parasite interactions potentially influence the occurrence and ultimately the coevolutionary trajectories of coinfecting parasites and the fitness consequences on the host (Betts et al, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The right response at the right time: Exploring helminth immune modulation in sticklebacks by experimental coinfection

2019

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Parasites are one of the strongest selective agents in nature. They select for hosts that evolve counter‐adaptive strategies to cope with infection. Helminth parasites are special because they can modulate their hosts’ immune responses. This phenomenon is important in epidemiological contexts, where coinfections may be affected. How different types of hosts and helminths interact with each other is insufficiently investigated. We used the three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) – Schistocephalus solidus model to study mechanisms and temporal components of helminth immune modulation. Sticklebacks from two contrasting populations with either high resistance (HR) or low resistance (LR) against S. solidus, were individually exposed to S. solidus strains with characteristically high growth (HG) or low growth (LG) in G. aculeatus. We determined the susceptibility to another parasite, the eye fluke Diplostomum pseudospathaceum, and the expression of 23 key immune genes at three time points after S. solidus infection. D. pseudospathaceum infection rates and the gene expression responses depended on host and S. solidus type and changed over time. Whereas the effect of S. solidus type was not significant after three weeks, T regulatory responses and complement components were upregulated at later time points if hosts were infected with HG S. solidus. HR hosts showed a well orchestrated immune response, which was absent in LR hosts. Our results emphasize the role of regulatory T cells and the timing of specific immune responses during helminth infections. This study elucidates the importance to consider different coevolutionary trajectories and ecologies when studying host‐parasite interactions.

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“…Hosts contain complex communities of parasites that interact in a variety of ways (Pedersen and Fenton ), but we know surprisingly little about how virulence evolves in these multi‐parasite communities (Betts et al. ). Previous theoretical and empirical work has largely focused on how parasites evolve in multi‐strain populations where parasites all interact with each other in the same way (Alizon et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How parasite interaction strategies alter virulence evolution in multi‐parasite communities

Clay

Rudolf

2019

Evolution

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The majority of organisms host multiple parasite species, each of which can interact with hosts and competitors through a diverse range of direct and indirect mechanisms. These within‐host interactions can directly alter the mortality rate of coinfected hosts and alter the evolution of virulence (parasite‐induced host mortality). Yet we still know little about how within‐host interactions affect the evolution of parasite virulence in multi‐parasite communities. Here, we modeled the virulence evolution of two coinfecting parasites in a host population in which parasites interacted through cross immunity, immune suppression, immunopathology, or spite. We show (1) that these within‐host interactions have different effects on virulence evolution when all parasites interact with each other in the same way versus when coinfecting parasites have unique interaction strategies, (2) that these interactions cause the evolution of lower virulence in some hosts, and higher virulence in other hosts, depending on the hosts infection status, and (3) that for cross immunity and spite, whether parasites increase or decrease the evolutionarily stable virulence in coinfected hosts depended on interaction strength. These results improve our understanding of virulence evolution in complex parasite communities, and show that virulence evolution must be understood at the community scale.

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Host and Parasite Evolution in a Tangled Bank

Cited by 47 publications

References 101 publications

Long-term genomic coevolution of host-parasite interaction in the natural environment

Long-term genomic coevolution of host-parasite interaction in the natural environment

The right response at the right time: Exploring helminth immune modulation in sticklebacks by experimental coinfection

How parasite interaction strategies alter virulence evolution in multi‐parasite communities

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