Host and environmental factors influencing ‘<i>Candidatus</i> Liberibacter asiaticus’ acquisition in <i>Diaphorina citri</i>

Wu, Fengnian; Huang, Jiaquan; Xu, Meirong; Fox, Eduardo Gonçalves Paterson; Beattie, G. A. C.; Holford, Paul; Cen, Yijing; Deng, Xiaoling

doi:10.1002/ps.5060

Cited by 40 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…The small proportion of CLas strains without any of the three known prophages could harbour other unknown types of prophage or no prophage at all. It has been demonstrated that the genetic structure and acquisition of CLas in ACP is mediated by the citrus host (Meng et al , ; Wu et al , ). Thus, the observation of preferential prophage patterns and their frequency in different provinces could be influenced by the different citrus varieties sampled from different regions in this study, indicating citrus varietal effects cannot be fully ruled out.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of prophage and historical perspectives associated with the dissemination of huanglongbing in mainland China

Bai

et al. 2019

Plant Pathology

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Huanglongbing (HLB), associated with a non‐culturable bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), is a highly destructive citrus disease with a long but poorly documented history in China. No effective treatment for HLB is available. The identification of new prophages in abundant CLas genomic sequence data provides new insights into both the diversity of CLas strains and HLB management. In this study, CLas populations from nine provinces were surveyed for the presence of prophage. Two major prophage typing groups (PTGs) were discovered to be associated with two different altitude regions: strains of CLas in PTG1 from high altitude regions (HAR) mainly contained prophage Type 1 only or Types 1 and 3, whereas strains of CLas in PTG2 from low altitude regions (LAR) mainly contained prophage Type 2. The discovery of these CLas population patterns provides evidence for independent origins of HLB in HAR and LAR. Guangdong province is the generally recognized domestic region of origin for HLB and is primarily responsible for the dissemination of HLB in LAR through transport of seedlings. Both Yunnan and Sichuan provinces are the probable regions of origin for HLB in HAR. PTG2 was further divided into two subgroups: PTG2‐1, found in Guangdong, Fujian and Guangxi and PTG2‐2, found in Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Hunan. These regions and prophage types are correlated with early and late introductions of HLB in LAR. These molecular analyses were supported by studying the history of the dissemination of HLB in historical documents.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of prophage and historical perspectives associated with the dissemination of huanglongbing in mainland China

Bai

et al. 2019

Plant Pathology

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“…HLB is incurable and rates of CLas acquisition are affected by: the life stage of the feeding insect; the time the insect remains feeding on new shoots; new shoot developmental stage; and the bacterium titer in infected tissues on which the psyllid feeds, particularly shoots . The titer of CLas in new shoots and other tissues is, in turn, impacted by the environment, with temperature and rain intensity seeming to have important roles …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unsuitability of indigenous South American Rutaceae as potential hosts of Diaphorina citri

Felisberto

Girardi

Peña

et al. 2019

Pest Management Science

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BACKGROUND: 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' is transmitted by Diaphorina citri, an insect with a wide range of hosts in Rutaceae. Species related to Citrus occur in Brazilian forests where they may serve as hosts for psyllids and infested citrus orchards. RESULTS: The suitability of plants as hosts of D. citri was classified into four groups. Group I (high suitability): Citrus × aurantium 'Valencia', 'Citrus limonia', Murraya paniculata (syn. Murraya exotica L.) (Aurantioideae: Aurantieae) and Bergera koenigii (Aurantioideae: Clauseneae). Group II (intermediate to low suitability): Citrus (Poncirus) trifoliata 'Pomeroy', Citrus wintersii, Swinglea glutinosa (Aurantieae) and Clausena lansium (Clauseneae). Group III (not suitable): Aegle marmelos, Atalantia buxifolia, Citrus ('Microcitrus') sp. (Aurantieae) and Helietta apiculata (Amyridoideae). Group IV (non-hosts): Glycosmis pentaphylla (Clauseneae), Balfourodendron riedelianum, Casimiroa edulis, Esenbeckia febrifuga, Esenbeckia leiocarpa, Metrodorea stipularis, Zanthoxylum rhoifolium (Amyridoideae) and Dictyoloma vandellianum (Cneoroideae). Insects survived longer on newly differentiated leaves compared with fully expanded soft leaves. Psyllids either did not develop or did not survive for long on most Group IV species, all of which, with the exception of G. pentaphylla, occur naturally in Brazilian forests. CONCLUSION: Citrus relatives occurring in forests near citrus orchards are not suitable hosts of D. citri and, therefore, do not contribute to huanglongbing spread.

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“…Similarly, transmission experiments using field-collected D. citri in Japan suggested that CLas-transmitting insects tend to exhibit higher bacterial densities than do non-transmitting insects, and that a threshold level of CLas density in the psyllid (ca.10 6 bacterial cells per insect) is required for successful transmission to occur 21 . In these investigations, CLas titer in the salivary glands was unknown; however, Wu et al 22 reported that when CLas was acquired by D. citri nymphs the proportion of infected hemolymph and salivary glands, as well as their CLas titer, increased significantly 12–18 days following a 3-day acquisition access period. These results suggest that CLas multiplies and/or accumulates in the vector’s hemolymph and salivary glands during the latent period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Asian citrus psyllid adults inoculate huanglongbing bacterium more efficiently than nymphs when this bacterium is acquired by early instar nymphs

Ammar

George

Sturgeon

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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The Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) transmits the bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ (CLas), which causes huanglongbing (citrus greening) disease, in a circulative-propagative manner. We compared CLas inoculation efficiency of D. citri nymphs and adults into healthy (uninfected) citron leaves when both vector stages were reared from eggs on infected plants. The proportion of CLas-positive leaves was 2.5% for nymphs and 36.3% for adults. CLas acquisition by early instar nymphs followed by dissections of adults and 4th instar nymphs revealed that CLas bacterium had moved into the head-thorax section (containing the salivary glands) in 26.7–30.0% of nymphs and 37–45% of adults. Mean Ct values in these sections were 31.6–32.9 and 26.8–27.0 for nymphs and adults, respectively. Therefore, CLas incidence and titer were higher in the head-thorax of adults than in nymphs. Our results suggest that following acquisition of CLas by early instar D. citri nymphs, emerging adults inoculate the bacteria into citrus more efficiently than nymphs because adults are afforded a longer latent period necessary for multiplication and/or translocation of CLas into the salivary glands of the vector. We propose that CLas uses D. citri nymphs mainly for pathogen acquisition and multiplication, and their adults mainly for pathogen inoculation and spread.

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Host and environmental factors influencing ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ acquisition in Diaphorina citri

Abstract: Different factors tested herein influenced CLas acquisition efficiency of D. citri, CLas multiplication and spread inside the psyllid. These observations serve to better understand mechanisms of CLas infection in D. citri. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cited by 40 publications

References 23 publications

Occurrence of prophage and historical perspectives associated with the dissemination of huanglongbing in mainland China

Occurrence of prophage and historical perspectives associated with the dissemination of huanglongbing in mainland China

Unsuitability of indigenous South American Rutaceae as potential hosts of Diaphorina citri

Asian citrus psyllid adults inoculate huanglongbing bacterium more efficiently than nymphs when this bacterium is acquired by early instar nymphs

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