Hospital pharmacy services in Pakistan

Aziz, Muhammad Majid; Fang, Yu; Babar, Zaheer Ud Din; Usman, Muhammad

doi:10.1136/ejhpharm-2017-001275

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…such results are similar to those concluded from India, that pharmacy services have a significant impact on patient satisfaction [67]. In a Pakistani context, the pharmacy staff are usually less qualified, a general lack of professionalism, a lack of knowledge regarding the rules and responsibilities of pharmacists and the execution of their duties are the key factors which impacted negatively on the quality of pharmacy services offered by public hospitals [48]. These issues negatively impact on patient satisfaction.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

“…Yet, the education of Pakistani pharmacists has endured principal changes in recent years with respect to a professional focus on learning clinical skills. Descriptions of these skills, and the necessary changes that need to be made to the curriculum guidelines of Pakistani institutions are currently being discussed [48].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pharmacy staff are in a position to clearly define how the patient should use the medication they have been prescribed. Several studies have indicated that these factors are associated with patient satisfaction [48,49,50]. The pharmacy is an important physical service within a hospital, where patients get information about medication [50].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What Factors Affect Patient Satisfaction in Public Sector Hospitals: Evidence from an Emerging Economy

Hussain

Sial

Usman

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Patient satisfaction can identify specific areas of improvement in public sector hospitals. However, the Pakistani healthcare system, and quality of service delivery is rarely assessed through the perspective of patient satisfaction. Our study demonstrated the performance of public healthcare systems in Pakistan by interacting with physical services (tangible and environmental), doctor–patient communication, and pharmacy and laboratory services based on patient satisfaction. Primary data were collected from the patients by using a random sampling method. Patients who participated in the study were visitors of public hospitals’ outpatient departments. A total of 554 questionnaires were circulated, and 445 were received. The confirmatory factor and multiple regression analyses were employed to analyze the collected data. The results revealed that laboratory, as well pharmacy services, had positive significant effects (p = 0.000) on patient satisfaction, while doctor–patient communication (p = 0.189) and physical facilities (p = 0.85) had an insignificant relationship with patient satisfaction. Therefore, it is suggested that a significant communication gap exists in the doctor–patient setting, and that Pakistan’s healthcare system is deprived of physical facilities. Consequently, such services need further improvements.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What Factors Affect Patient Satisfaction in Public Sector Hospitals: Evidence from an Emerging Economy

Hussain

Sial

Usman

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…The health care system of Pakistan lacks structured programs to manage non-pharmacological aspects of chronic diseases, such as therapy and disease related education and counseling, majorly due to lack of human resource and suboptimal health professionals to population ratio [41]. Despite clinical pharmacy education in Pakistan almost a decade ago, pharmacists in hospitals and primary care settings are providing conventional services [4, 14]. In the present study, pharmacist’s intervention regarding therapy, diet, lifestyle changes, self-care and management resulted in significant improvements in several process outcome measures, such as glycemic, blood pressure and lipid controls along with serum creatinine levels in comparison to control arm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A randomized control trial of primary care-based management of type 2 diabetes by a pharmacist in Pakistan

Javaid

Imtiaz

Khalid

et al. 2019

BMC Health Serv Res

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Background The role of a pharmacist in primary health care settings of Pakistan is still obscure. Thus, we aimed to demonstrate the pharmacist-led improvements in glycemic, blood pressure and lipid controls in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients of Lahore, Pakistan. Methods The first open label, randomized control trial conducted at a primary health care facility of Lahore, Pakistan by enrolling 244 uncontrolled type 2 diabetes (hemoglobin A1 c, (HbA1c); 10.85 ± 1.74) patients. The pharmacological intervention included identification of drug related problems, drug interactions, change in dose, frequency and therapy switches in collaboration with physician, while non-pharmacological intervention consisted of diet, lifestyle and behavior counseling. Outcome measures were glycemic (HbA1c), blood pressure and lipid controls. Results In intra-group comparison, compared to control arm ( C , n = 52), subjects in the intervention arm ( I , n = 83) demonstrated significant differences in process outcome measures; baseline vs final, such as HbA1c ( C ; 10.3 ± 1.3 vs 9.7 ± 1.3, p < 0.001, I ; 10.9 ± 1.7 vs 7.7 ± 0.9, p < 0.0001), systolic blood pressure (SBP) ( C ; 129.9 ± 13.9 vs 136 ± 7.1, p = 0.0001, I ; 145 ± 20.4 vs 123.9 ± 9.9 mmHg, p < 0.0001), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ( C ; + 4, p = 0.03, I ; − 7 mmHg, p < 0.0001), cholesterol ( C ; 235.8 ± 57.7 vs 220.9 ± 53.2, p = 0.15, I ; 224 ± 55.2 vs 153 ± 25.9 mg/dL, p < 0.0001), triglycerides ( C ; 213.2 ± 86.6 vs 172.4 ± 48.7, p = 0.001, I ; 273 ± 119.4 vs 143 ± 31.6 mg/dL, p < 0.0001) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ( C ; 77.5 ± 18.6 vs 76 ± 14.2, p = 0.5, I ; 69.4 ± 21.3 vs 93.8 ± 15.2 ml/min/1.73m 2 , p < 0.0001). Likewise, inter-group improvements were more significant in the subjects of intervention group at final follow up in comparison to control for various process outcome measures; HbA1c ( p < 0.001), SBP ( p < 0.0001), DBP ( p = 0.02), cholesterol ( p < 0.0001), triglycerides ( p < 0.0001), SCr ( p < 0.001), eGFR ( p ...

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“…Hospital pharmacists are involved to a greater extent in traditional pharmacy services and administrative activities. Furthermore, it has been observed that pharmacy graduates in Pakistan preferred to join pharmaceutical marketing and sales jobs [17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacists' viewpoint towards their professional role in healthcare system: a survey of hospital settings of Pakistan

Khan

McGarry

Naqvi

et al. 2020

BMC Health Serv Res

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Background: Pharmacy service is an essential part of a healthcare system. The profession of pharmacy is well recognized and is practiced to its full potential in developed countries however, it is underutilized in developing countries such as Pakistan. The recognition of pharmacist's role as healthcare professional is limited. This study aimed to document pharmacists' attitude towards their role in Pakistan's healthcare system, their experience with doctors and their perceptions towards involvement in medicines management. Methods: A 4-month cross-sectional survey (Jan-Apr 18) was conducted targeting pharmacists practising in 26 tertiary care hospitals across Pakistan using a developed and validated questionnaire in both Urdu/English languages. Chi square (χ 2) test was used to report any associations between independent variables, i.e., education, type of hospital and work experience and, dependent variables, i.e., pharmacists' attitudes, experience, and perception. A p-value of ≤0.01 with value of Cramer's V ≥ 0.3 was considered cutoff for establishing statistical significance. The study was approved by ethical committee and local hospital committees. Results: Three hundred ninety-six questionnaires were returned out of 500, i.e., response rate = 87.9%. Most participants (92.2%) interacted with doctors at least once daily. Most interactions were related to drug availability inquiry (72.5%). Most pharmacists (91.4%) mentioned that pharmacy duties are mostly clinical in nature. 93.4% of the respondents indicated that pharmacists are reliable source of information regarding general medicines. Furthermore, 87.4% reasoned inadequate training for not being able to discuss issues of clinical nature with doctors. Conclusion: Pharmacists were willing to perform their duties and provide healthcare benefits to patients however, they seemed sceptical of advanced clinical pharmacy roles such as intervening in prescriptions and medication therapy, consultations and prescribing. There is a need to increase awareness regarding pharmacist's role. Therefore, it would be helpful if trainings and seminars are conducted on the importance of clinical pharmacy to improve the pharmacy services in Pakistan's healthcare system.

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Hospital pharmacy services in Pakistan

Cited by 7 publications

References 5 publications

What Factors Affect Patient Satisfaction in Public Sector Hospitals: Evidence from an Emerging Economy

What Factors Affect Patient Satisfaction in Public Sector Hospitals: Evidence from an Emerging Economy

A randomized control trial of primary care-based management of type 2 diabetes by a pharmacist in Pakistan

Pharmacists' viewpoint towards their professional role in healthcare system: a survey of hospital settings of Pakistan

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